datefixR

This vignette describes the functionality of datefixR in more detail than the README file. DatefixR is a lightweight package consisting of two main user-accessible functions, fix_date_char() and fix_date_df(), which converts dates written in different formats into R’s built-in Date class. The former is designed to modify character vectors whilst the latter is intended for modifying columns of a data frame (or tibble). fix_date_app() is a third function which allows dates to be standardized via a Shiny app interface. You can learn more about the Shiny app in its dedicated vignette.

Practically, this package is most useful when handling date data which has been supplied via text boxes (instead of a date-specific input with a consistent date format). However, this package may also be useful to validate the format of date data (see date and month imputation).

Usage

Date standardization

Firstly, we will demonstrate date standardization without imputation. We consider a data frame with two columns of dates in differing formats with no missing data.

bad.dates <- data.frame(
  id = seq(5),
  some.dates = c(
    "02/05/92",
    "01-04-2020",
    "1996/05/01",
    "2020-05-01",
    "02-04-96"
  ),
  some.more.dates = c(
    "01 03 2015",
    "2nd January 2010",
    "01/05/1990",
    "03-Dec-2012",
    "02 April 2020"
  )
)
knitr::kable(bad.dates)

id	some.dates	some.more.dates
1	02/05/92	01 03 2015
2	01-04-2020	2nd January 2010
3	1996/05/01	01/05/1990
4	2020-05-01	03-Dec-2012
5	02-04-96	02 April 2020

fix_date_df() requires two arguments, df, a data frame (or tibble) object and col.names, a character vector containing the names of columns to be standardized. By default, the first column of the data frame is assumed to contain row IDs. These IDs are used if a warning or error is raised to assist the user with locating the source of the error. The ID column can also be manually provided via the id argument.

The output from this function is a data frame or tibble (dependent on the object type of the the first argument, df) with the selected date columns now standardized and belonging to the Date class.

fixed.dates <- fix_date_df(
  bad.dates,
  c("some.dates", "some.more.dates")
)
knitr::kable(fixed.dates)

id	some.dates	some.more.dates
1	1992-05-02	2015-03-01
2	2020-04-01	2010-01-02
3	1996-05-01	1990-05-01
4	2020-05-01	2012-12-03
5	1996-04-02	2020-04-02

datefixR can handle many different formats including -, /, ., or white space separation, year-first or day-first, and month supplied as a number, an abbreviation or full length name.

fix_date_char() is similar to fix_date_df() but only applies to a single character object.

fix_date_char("01 02 2014")
#> [1] "2014-02-01"

Localization

datefixR currently supports dates being provided in English, Français (French), Deutsch (German), español (Spanish), and Русский (Russian) by recognizing both names of months in these languages and formatting customs. Expected languages do not need to be specified and can be provided just like any other date to be standardized.

fix_date_char("7 de septiembre del 2014")
#> [1] "2014-09-07"

Functions in datefixR assume day-first instead of month-first when day, month, and year are all given numerically (unless year is given first). However, this behavior can be modified by passing format = "mdy" to function calls.

fix_date_char("01 02 2014", format = "mdy")
#> [1] "2014-01-02"

If the month is given by name, then datefixR will automatically detect the correct format without the format argument needing to be specified by the user.

fix_date_char("July 4th, 1776")
#> [1] "1776-07-04"

Date and month imputation

By default, datefixR imputes missing months as July, and missing days of the month as the first day. As such, “1992” converts to

fix_date_char("1992")
#> [1] "1992-07-01"

The argument for defaulting to July is 1st-2nd July is halfway through the year (on a non leap year). Therefore, assuming the year supplied is indeed correct, the imputation has a maximum potential error of 6 months from the true date. However, this behavior can be changed by supplying the day.impute and month.impute arguments with an integer corresponding to the desired day and month. For example, day.impute = 1 and month.impute = 1 results in the first day of January being imputed instead which is often a more common imputation for missing date data.

fix_date_char("1992", day.impute = 1, month.impute = 1)
#> [1] "1992-01-01"

The imputation mechanism can also be modified to impute NA if a month or day is missing by setting day.impute or month.impute to NA. This will also result in a warning being raised.

fix_date_char("1992", month.impute = NA)
#> Warning: NA imputed (date: 1992)
#> [1] NA

Finally, imputation can be prevented by setting day.impute or month.impute to NULL. This will result in an error being raised if the day or month are missing respectively.

fix_date_char("1992", month.impute = NULL)
# ERROR

day.impute and month.impute can also be passed to fix_date_df() for similar functionality.

example.df <- data.frame(
  id = seq(1, 3),
  some.dates = c("2014", "April 1990", "Mar 19")
)
fix_date_df(example.df, "some.dates", day.impute = 1, month.impute = 1)
#>   id some.dates
#> 1  1 2014-01-01
#> 2  2 1990-04-01
#> 3  3 2019-03-01

Converting numeric dates

By default, if a date is given numerically (I.E no separators such as “/”, “-”, or white space) and is more than four character long, then this date is assumed to have been converted from R’s numeric date format. If a Date object is converted to a numeric object in R, the assigned value becomes the number of days from 1970-01-01. Note that the date must still be converted to a character object before being passed to a datefixR function.

date <- as.numeric(as.Date("2023-01-17"))
print(date)
#> [1] 19374
fix_date_char(as.character(date))
#> [1] "2023-01-17"

However if a date is converted to a numeric date in Excel, the number of days is instead counted from 1900-01-01. If a user expects that dates to have been converted to numerical dates in Excel, then excel = TRUE can be passed to a datefixR function to rectify this.

fix_date_char("44941", excel = TRUE)
#> [1] "2023-01-15"

Roman numeral months

Oracle Database can use Roman numerals to format months and this custom is also used in some biological contexts. If dates in need of parsing are in this format, roman.numeral = TRUE can be passed to fix_date_char() or fix_date_df(). This implementation is currently experimental and is not guaranteed to work alongside other date formats.

fix_date_char("12/IV/2019", roman.numeral = TRUE)
#> [1] "2019-04-12"