Many functions in errorverse packages like scrutiny have a
rounding argument that controls how numbers are rounded.
Specify rounding as any of the strings below.
These options return two rounded numbers for each input number. In consistency tests, this means counting a value set as consistent if the reported number matches either of the two rounded reconstructed numbers.
"up_or_down" (the default): one number rounded up from
5, one down from 5; in this order."up_from_or_down_from": one number rounded up, one down
— but not from 5. Instead, specify threshold as the number
from which the input should be rounded."ceiling_or_floor": one number ceiled, one
floored.By contrast, these options only return one rounded number per input:
"even" rounds to the next even number, using base R’s
own round(). See note below."up" or "down" rounds in the specified
direction, starting at 5."up_from" or "down_from" rounds in the
specified direction, starting at some number other than 5. Specify this
number via the threshold argument."ceiling" or "floor" always rounds to the
next higher or lower decimal place, respectively."trunc" and "anti_trunc" always round
towards zero or away from it.If the decimal portion to be cut off by rounding is 5, how do these technologies round?
Python’s standard rounding function rounds to even.
SPSS rounds to even by default, but users may choose to round up instead.
Matlab rounds away from zero by default (i.e., it rounds up if the input is positive). However, other rounding procedures can be chosen.
In SAS,
ROUND() rounds up, and ROUNDE() rounds to
even. Both have a small tolerance. ROUNDZ() rounds to even
without a tolerance.
Stata seemingly rounds to even, but the documentation is not very explicit.
In Excel,
ROUND() rounds up from 5, ROUNDUP() ceils the
number, and ROUNDDOWN() floors it.1
Rounding to the next even number is not reliable. The fundamental
facts of floating-point computation imply that results may vary in
unpredictable ways. See this explanation
of base::round(), or a more
general article about the limits of floating-point arithmetic.
Excel’s naming is inconsistent with roundwork’s usage.
For instance, ROUNDUP() always rounds to the
higher number, which is called ceiling in roundwork (and in more common
parlance). However, roundwork’s notion of "up" relies on a
shared understanding with the user that numbers will only be rounded up
from 5, not from any lower value; likewise with "down".
This is arguably suboptimal: compare roundwork::round_up()
to the more explicit naming of janitor::round_half_up().↩︎