ghc-internal-9.1003.0: Basic libraries

Copyright | (c) The University of Glasgow 2001
License | BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE)
Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org
Stability | provisional
Portability | portable
Safe Haskell | Trustworthy
Language | Haskell2010

GHC.Internal.Control.Monad

Contents

- Functor and monad classes
- Functions
  - Naming conventions
  - Basic `Monad` functions
  - Generalisations of list functions
  - Conditional execution of monadic expressions
  - Monadic lifting operators
  - Strict monadic functions

Description

The `Functor`, `Monad` and `MonadPlus` classes, with some useful operations on monads.

Synopsis

- class Functor (f :: Type -> Type) where
  - fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b
  - (<$) :: a -> f b -> f a
- class Applicative m => Monad (m :: Type -> Type) where
  - (>>=) :: m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b
  - (>>) :: m a -> m b -> m b
  - return :: a -> m a
- class Monad m => MonadFail (m :: Type -> Type) where
  - fail :: String -> m a
- class (Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (m :: Type -> Type) where
  - mzero :: m a
  - mplus :: m a -> m a -> m a
- mapM :: (Traversable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m (t b)
- mapM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m ()
- forM :: (Traversable t, Monad m) => t a -> (a -> m b) -> m (t b)
- forM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t a -> (a -> m b) -> m ()
- sequence :: (Traversable t, Monad m) => t (m a) -> m (t a)
- sequence_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t (m a) -> m ()
- (=<<) :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> m a -> m b
- (>=>) :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> (b -> m c) -> a -> m c
- (<=<) :: Monad m => (b -> m c) -> (a -> m b) -> a -> m c
- forever :: Applicative f => f a -> f b
- void :: Functor f => f a -> f ()
- join :: Monad m => m (m a) -> m a
- msum :: (Foldable t, MonadPlus m) => t (m a) -> m a
- mfilter :: MonadPlus m => (a -> Bool) -> m a -> m a
- filterM :: Applicative m => (a -> m Bool) -> [a] -> m [a]
- mapAndUnzipM :: Applicative m => (a -> m (b, c)) -> [a] -> m ([b], [c])
- zipWithM :: Applicative m => (a -> b -> m c) -> [a] -> [b] -> m [c]
- zipWithM_ :: Applicative m => (a -> b -> m c) -> [a] -> [b] -> m ()
- foldM :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (b -> a -> m b) -> b -> t a -> m b
- foldM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (b -> a -> m b) -> b -> t a -> m ()
- replicateM :: Applicative m => Int -> m a -> m [a]
- replicateM_ :: Applicative m => Int -> m a -> m ()
- guard :: Alternative f => Bool -> f ()
- when :: Applicative f => Bool -> f () -> f ()
- unless :: Applicative f => Bool -> f () -> f ()
- liftM :: Monad m => (a1 -> r) -> m a1 -> m r
- liftM2 :: Monad m => (a1 -> a2 -> r) -> m a1 -> m a2 -> m r
- liftM3 :: Monad m => (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> r) -> m a1 -> m a2 -> m a3 -> m r
- liftM4 :: Monad m => (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> r) -> m a1 -> m a2 -> m a3 -> m a4 -> m r
- liftM5 :: Monad m => (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> a5 -> r) -> m a1 -> m a2 -> m a3 -> m a4 -> m a5 -> m r
- ap :: Monad m => m (a -> b) -> m a -> m b
- (<$!>) :: Monad m => (a -> b) -> m a -> m b

# Functor and monad classes

class Functor (f :: Type -> Type) where Source #

A type `f` is a Functor if it provides a function `fmap` which, given any types `a` and `b` lets you apply any function from `(a -> b)` to turn an `f a` into an `f b`, preserving the structure of `f`. Furthermore `f` needs to adhere to the following:

Identity
  ``fmap` `id` == `id``
Composition
  ``fmap` (f . g) == `fmap` f . `fmap` g`

Note, that the second law follows from the free theorem of the type `fmap` and the first law, so you need only check that the former condition holds. See these articles by School of Haskell or David Luposchainsky for an explanation.

Minimal complete definition

fmap

Methods

fmap :: (a -> b) -> f a -> f b Source #

`fmap` is used to apply a function of type `(a -> b)` to a value of type `f a`, where f is a functor, to produce a value of type `f b`. Note that for any type constructor with more than one parameter (e.g., `Either`), only the last type parameter can be modified with `fmap` (e.g., `b` in `Either a b`).

Some type constructors with two parameters or more have a ``Bifunctor`` instance that allows both the last and the penultimate parameters to be mapped over.

#### Examples

Expand

Convert from a ``Maybe` Int` to a `Maybe String` using `show`:

    >>> fmap show Nothing
    Nothing
    >>> fmap show (Just 3)
    Just "3"

Convert from an ``Either` Int Int` to an `Either Int String` using `show`:

    >>> fmap show (Left 17)
    Left 17
    >>> fmap show (Right 17)
    Right "17"

Double each element of a list:

    >>> fmap (*2) [1,2,3]
    [2,4,6]

Apply `even` to the second element of a pair:

    >>> fmap even (2,2)
    (2,True)

It may seem surprising that the function is only applied to the last element of the tuple compared to the list example above which applies it to every element in the list. To understand, remember that tuples are type constructors with multiple type parameters: a tuple of 3 elements `(a,b,c)` can also be written `(,,) a b c` and its `Functor` instance is defined for `Functor ((,,) a b)` (i.e., only the third parameter is free to be mapped over with `fmap`).

It explains why `fmap` can be used with tuples containing values of different types as in the following example:

    >>> fmap even ("hello", 1.0, 4)
    ("hello",1.0,True)

(<$) :: a -> f b -> f a infixl 4 Source #

Replace all locations in the input with the same value. The default definition is ``fmap` . `const``, but this may be overridden with a more efficient version.

#### Examples

Expand

Perform a computation with `Maybe` and replace the result with a constant value if it is `Just`:

    >>> 'a' <$ Just 2
    Just 'a'
    >>> 'a' <$ Nothing
    Nothing

#### Instances

Instances details

Functor NonEmpty Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty b Source # (<$) :: a -> NonEmpty b -> NonEmpty a Source #
Functor STM Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Conc.Sync Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> STM a -> STM b Source # (<$) :: a -> STM b -> STM a Source #
Functor Handler Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Exception Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Handler a -> Handler b Source # (<$) :: a -> Handler b -> Handler a Source #
Functor Identity Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Functor.Identity Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Identity a -> Identity b Source # (<$) :: a -> Identity b -> Identity a Source #
Functor First Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> First a -> First b Source # (<$) :: a -> First b -> First a Source #
Functor Last Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Last a -> Last b Source # (<$) :: a -> Last b -> Last a Source #
Functor Down Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Ord Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Down a -> Down b Source # (<$) :: a -> Down b -> Down a Source #
Functor Dual Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Dual a -> Dual b Source # (<$) :: a -> Dual b -> Dual a Source #
Functor Product Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Product a -> Product b Source # (<$) :: a -> Product b -> Product a Source #
Functor Sum Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Sum a -> Sum b Source # (<$) :: a -> Sum b -> Sum a Source #
Functor ZipList Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Functor.ZipList Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> ZipList a -> ZipList b Source # (<$) :: a -> ZipList b -> ZipList a Source #
Functor NoIO Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.GHCi Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> NoIO a -> NoIO b Source # (<$) :: a -> NoIO b -> NoIO a Source #
Functor Par1 Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Par1 a -> Par1 b Source # (<$) :: a -> Par1 b -> Par1 a Source #
Functor ReadP Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> ReadP a -> ReadP b Source # (<$) :: a -> ReadP b -> ReadP a Source #
Functor ReadPrec Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Text.ParserCombinators.ReadPrec Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec b Source # (<$) :: a -> ReadPrec b -> ReadPrec a Source #
Functor IO Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> IO a -> IO b Source # (<$) :: a -> IO b -> IO a Source #
Functor Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Maybe a -> Maybe b Source # (<$) :: a -> Maybe b -> Maybe a Source #
Functor Solo Source # | Since: base-4.15
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Solo a -> Solo b Source # (<$) :: a -> Solo b -> Solo a Source #
Functor [] Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] Source # (<$) :: a -> [b] -> [a] Source #
Functor (Array i) Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Arr Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Array i a -> Array i b Source # (<$) :: a -> Array i b -> Array i a Source #
Arrow a => Functor (ArrowMonad a) Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Arrow Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b) -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b Source # (<$) :: a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a a0 Source #
Functor (ST s) Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.ST.Lazy.Imp Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> ST s a -> ST s b Source # (<$) :: a -> ST s b -> ST s a Source #
Functor (Either a) Source # | Since: base-3.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Either Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b) -> Either a a0 -> Either a b Source # (<$) :: a0 -> Either a b -> Either a a0 Source #
Functor (StateL s) Source # | Since: base-4.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Functor.Utils Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> StateL s a -> StateL s b Source # (<$) :: a -> StateL s b -> StateL s a Source #
Functor (StateR s) Source # | Since: base-4.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Functor.Utils Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> StateR s a -> StateR s b Source # (<$) :: a -> StateR s b -> StateR s a Source #
Functor (Proxy :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Proxy Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Proxy a -> Proxy b Source # (<$) :: a -> Proxy b -> Proxy a Source #
Functor (U1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> U1 a -> U1 b Source # (<$) :: a -> U1 b -> U1 a Source #
Functor (V1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> V1 a -> V1 b Source # (<$) :: a -> V1 b -> V1 a Source #
Functor (ST s) Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.ST Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> ST s a -> ST s b Source # (<$) :: a -> ST s b -> ST s a Source #
Functor ((,) a) Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b) -> (a, a0) -> (a, b) Source # (<$) :: a0 -> (a, b) -> (a, a0) Source #
Functor m => Functor (Kleisli m a) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Arrow Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b) -> Kleisli m a a0 -> Kleisli m a b Source # (<$) :: a0 -> Kleisli m a b -> Kleisli m a a0 Source #
Functor (Const m :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Functor.Const Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Const m a -> Const m b Source # (<$) :: a -> Const m b -> Const m a Source #
Monad m => Functor (StateT s m) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Functor.Utils Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> StateT s m a -> StateT s m b Source # (<$) :: a -> StateT s m b -> StateT s m a Source #
Functor f => Functor (Ap f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Ap f a -> Ap f b Source # (<$) :: a -> Ap f b -> Ap f a Source #
Functor f => Functor (Alt f) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Alt f a -> Alt f b Source # (<$) :: a -> Alt f b -> Alt f a Source #
(Generic1 f, Functor (Rep1 f)) => Functor (Generically1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.17.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Generically1 f a -> Generically1 f b Source # (<$) :: a -> Generically1 f b -> Generically1 f a Source #
Functor f => Functor (Rec1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f b Source # (<$) :: a -> Rec1 f b -> Rec1 f a Source #
Functor (URec (Ptr ()) :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> URec (Ptr ()) a -> URec (Ptr ()) b Source # (<$) :: a -> URec (Ptr ()) b -> URec (Ptr ()) a Source #
Functor (URec Char :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> URec Char a -> URec Char b Source # (<$) :: a -> URec Char b -> URec Char a Source #
Functor (URec Double :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> URec Double a -> URec Double b Source # (<$) :: a -> URec Double b -> URec Double a Source #
Functor (URec Float :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> URec Float a -> URec Float b Source # (<$) :: a -> URec Float b -> URec Float a Source #
Functor (URec Int :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> URec Int a -> URec Int b Source # (<$) :: a -> URec Int b -> URec Int a Source #
Functor (URec Word :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> URec Word a -> URec Word b Source # (<$) :: a -> URec Word b -> URec Word a Source #
Functor ((,,) a b) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b0) -> (a, b, a0) -> (a, b, b0) Source # (<$) :: a0 -> (a, b, b0) -> (a, b, a0) Source #
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (f :*: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) b Source # (<$) :: a -> (f :*: g) b -> (f :*: g) a Source #
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (f :+: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> (f :+: g) a -> (f :+: g) b Source # (<$) :: a -> (f :+: g) b -> (f :+: g) a Source #
Functor (K1 i c :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> K1 i c a -> K1 i c b Source # (<$) :: a -> K1 i c b -> K1 i c a Source #
Functor ((,,,) a b c) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b0) -> (a, b, c, a0) -> (a, b, c, b0) Source # (<$) :: a0 -> (a, b, c, b0) -> (a, b, c, a0) Source #
Functor ((->) r) Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> (r -> a) -> r -> b Source # (<$) :: a -> (r -> b) -> r -> a Source #
(Functor f, Functor g) => Functor (f :.: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> (f :.: g) a -> (f :.: g) b Source # (<$) :: a -> (f :.: g) b -> (f :.: g) a Source #
Functor f => Functor (M1 i c f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f b Source # (<$) :: a -> M1 i c f b -> M1 i c f a Source #
Functor ((,,,,) a b c d) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b0) -> (a, b, c, d, a0) -> (a, b, c, d, b0) Source # (<$) :: a0 -> (a, b, c, d, b0) -> (a, b, c, d, a0) Source #
Functor ((,,,,,) a b c d e) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b0) -> (a, b, c, d, e, a0) -> (a, b, c, d, e, b0) Source # (<$) :: a0 -> (a, b, c, d, e, b0) -> (a, b, c, d, e, a0) Source #
Functor ((,,,,,,) a b c d e f) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods fmap :: (a0 -> b0) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, a0) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, b0) Source # (<$) :: a0 -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, b0) -> (a, b, c, d, e, f, a0) Source #

class Applicative m => Monad (m :: Type -> Type) where Source #

The `Monad` class defines the basic operations over a monad, a concept from a branch of mathematics known as category theory. From the perspective of a Haskell programmer, however, it is best to think of a monad as an abstract datatype of actions. Haskell's `do` expressions provide a convenient syntax for writing monadic expressions.

Instances of `Monad` should satisfy the following:

Left identity
  ``return` a `>>=` k = k a`
Right identity
  `m `>>=` `return` = m`
Associativity
  `m `>>=` (\x -> k x `>>=` h) = (m `>>=` k) `>>=` h`

Furthermore, the `Monad` and `Applicative` operations should relate as follows:

-     pure = return

-     m1 <*> m2 = m1 >>= (\x1 -> m2 >>= (\x2 -> return (x1 x2)))

The above laws imply:

-     fmap f xs  =  xs >>= return . f

-     (>>) = (*>)

and that `pure` and (`<*>`) satisfy the applicative functor laws.

The instances of `Monad` for `List`, `Maybe` and `IO` defined in the Prelude satisfy these laws.

Minimal complete definition

(>>=)

Methods

(>>=) :: m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b infixl 1 Source #

Sequentially compose two actions, passing any value produced by the first as an argument to the second.

'`as `>>=` bs`' can be understood as the `do` expression

    do a <- as
       bs a

An alternative name for this function is 'bind', but some people may refer to it as 'flatMap', which results from it being equivialent to

    \x f -> join (fmap f x) :: Monad m => m a -> (a -> m b) -> m b

which can be seen as mapping a value with `Monad m => m a -> m (m b)` and then 'flattening' `m (m b)` to `m b` using `join`.

(>>) :: m a -> m b -> m b infixl 1 Source #

Sequentially compose two actions, discarding any value produced by the first, like sequencing operators (such as the semicolon) in imperative languages.

'`as `>>` bs`' can be understood as the `do` expression

    do as
       bs

or in terms of ``(>>=)`` as

    as >>= const bs

return :: a -> m a Source #

Inject a value into the monadic type. This function should not be different from its default implementation as `pure`. The justification for the existence of this function is merely historic.

#### Instances

Instances details

Monad NonEmpty Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods (>>=) :: NonEmpty a -> (a -> NonEmpty b) -> NonEmpty b Source # (>>) :: NonEmpty a -> NonEmpty b -> NonEmpty b Source # return :: a -> NonEmpty a Source #
Monad STM Source # | Since: base-4.3.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Conc.Sync Methods (>>=) :: STM a -> (a -> STM b) -> STM b Source # (>>) :: STM a -> STM b -> STM b Source # return :: a -> STM a Source #
Monad Identity Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Functor.Identity Methods (>>=) :: Identity a -> (a -> Identity b) -> Identity b Source # (>>) :: Identity a -> Identity b -> Identity b Source # return :: a -> Identity a Source #
Monad First Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Methods (>>=) :: First a -> (a -> First b) -> First b Source # (>>) :: First a -> First b -> First b Source # return :: a -> First a Source #
Monad Last Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Methods (>>=) :: Last a -> (a -> Last b) -> Last b Source # (>>) :: Last a -> Last b -> Last b Source # return :: a -> Last a Source #
Monad Down Source # | Since: base-4.11.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Ord Methods (>>=) :: Down a -> (a -> Down b) -> Down b Source # (>>) :: Down a -> Down b -> Down b Source # return :: a -> Down a Source #
Monad Dual Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Methods (>>=) :: Dual a -> (a -> Dual b) -> Dual b Source # (>>) :: Dual a -> Dual b -> Dual b Source # return :: a -> Dual a Source #
Monad Product Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Methods (>>=) :: Product a -> (a -> Product b) -> Product b Source # (>>) :: Product a -> Product b -> Product b Source # return :: a -> Product a Source #
Monad Sum Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Methods (>>=) :: Sum a -> (a -> Sum b) -> Sum b Source # (>>) :: Sum a -> Sum b -> Sum b Source # return :: a -> Sum a Source #
Monad NoIO Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.GHCi Methods (>>=) :: NoIO a -> (a -> NoIO b) -> NoIO b Source # (>>) :: NoIO a -> NoIO b -> NoIO b Source # return :: a -> NoIO a Source #
Monad Par1 Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods (>>=) :: Par1 a -> (a -> Par1 b) -> Par1 b Source # (>>) :: Par1 a -> Par1 b -> Par1 b Source # return :: a -> Par1 a Source #
Monad ReadP Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP Methods (>>=) :: ReadP a -> (a -> ReadP b) -> ReadP b Source # (>>) :: ReadP a -> ReadP b -> ReadP b Source # return :: a -> ReadP a Source #
Monad ReadPrec Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Text.ParserCombinators.ReadPrec Methods (>>=) :: ReadPrec a -> (a -> ReadPrec b) -> ReadPrec b Source # (>>) :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec b -> ReadPrec b Source # return :: a -> ReadPrec a Source #
Monad IO Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods (>>=) :: IO a -> (a -> IO b) -> IO b Source # (>>) :: IO a -> IO b -> IO b Source # return :: a -> IO a Source #
Monad Maybe Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods (>>=) :: Maybe a -> (a -> Maybe b) -> Maybe b Source # (>>) :: Maybe a -> Maybe b -> Maybe b Source # return :: a -> Maybe a Source #
Monad Solo Source # | Since: base-4.15
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods (>>=) :: Solo a -> (a -> Solo b) -> Solo b Source # (>>) :: Solo a -> Solo b -> Solo b Source # return :: a -> Solo a Source #
Monad [] Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods (>>=) :: [a] -> (a -> [b]) -> [b] Source # (>>) :: [a] -> [b] -> [b] Source # return :: a -> [a] Source #
ArrowApply a => Monad (ArrowMonad a) Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Arrow Methods (>>=) :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> (a0 -> ArrowMonad a b) -> ArrowMonad a b Source # (>>) :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a b -> ArrowMonad a b Source # return :: a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 Source #
Monad (ST s) Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.ST.Lazy.Imp Methods (>>=) :: ST s a -> (a -> ST s b) -> ST s b Source # (>>) :: ST s a -> ST s b -> ST s b Source # return :: a -> ST s a Source #
Monad (Either e) Source # | Since: base-4.4.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Either Methods (>>=) :: Either e a -> (a -> Either e b) -> Either e b Source # (>>) :: Either e a -> Either e b -> Either e b Source # return :: a -> Either e a Source #
Monad (Proxy :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.7.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Proxy Methods (>>=) :: Proxy a -> (a -> Proxy b) -> Proxy b Source # (>>) :: Proxy a -> Proxy b -> Proxy b Source # return :: a -> Proxy a Source #
Monad (U1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods (>>=) :: U1 a -> (a -> U1 b) -> U1 b Source # (>>) :: U1 a -> U1 b -> U1 b Source # return :: a -> U1 a Source #
Monad (ST s) Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.ST Methods (>>=) :: ST s a -> (a -> ST s b) -> ST s b Source # (>>) :: ST s a -> ST s b -> ST s b Source # return :: a -> ST s a Source #
Monoid a => Monad ((,) a) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods (>>=) :: (a, a0) -> (a0 -> (a, b)) -> (a, b) Source # (>>) :: (a, a0) -> (a, b) -> (a, b) Source # return :: a0 -> (a, a0) Source #
Monad m => Monad (Kleisli m a) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Arrow Methods (>>=) :: Kleisli m a a0 -> (a0 -> Kleisli m a b) -> Kleisli m a b Source # (>>) :: Kleisli m a a0 -> Kleisli m a b -> Kleisli m a b Source # return :: a0 -> Kleisli m a a0 Source #
Monad m => Monad (StateT s m) Source # | Since: base-4.18.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Functor.Utils Methods (>>=) :: StateT s m a -> (a -> StateT s m b) -> StateT s m b Source # (>>) :: StateT s m a -> StateT s m b -> StateT s m b Source # return :: a -> StateT s m a Source #
Monad f => Monad (Ap f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Methods (>>=) :: Ap f a -> (a -> Ap f b) -> Ap f b Source # (>>) :: Ap f a -> Ap f b -> Ap f b Source # return :: a -> Ap f a Source #
Monad f => Monad (Alt f) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Methods (>>=) :: Alt f a -> (a -> Alt f b) -> Alt f b Source # (>>) :: Alt f a -> Alt f b -> Alt f b Source # return :: a -> Alt f a Source #
Monad f => Monad (Rec1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods (>>=) :: Rec1 f a -> (a -> Rec1 f b) -> Rec1 f b Source # (>>) :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f b -> Rec1 f b Source # return :: a -> Rec1 f a Source #
(Monoid a, Monoid b) => Monad ((,,) a b) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods (>>=) :: (a, b, a0) -> (a0 -> (a, b, b0)) -> (a, b, b0) Source # (>>) :: (a, b, a0) -> (a, b, b0) -> (a, b, b0) Source # return :: a0 -> (a, b, a0) Source #
(Monad f, Monad g) => Monad (f :*: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods (>>=) :: (f :*: g) a -> (a -> (f :*: g) b) -> (f :*: g) b Source # (>>) :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) b -> (f :*: g) b Source # return :: a -> (f :*: g) a Source #
(Monoid a, Monoid b, Monoid c) => Monad ((,,,) a b c) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods (>>=) :: (a, b, c, a0) -> (a0 -> (a, b, c, b0)) -> (a, b, c, b0) Source # (>>) :: (a, b, c, a0) -> (a, b, c, b0) -> (a, b, c, b0) Source # return :: a0 -> (a, b, c, a0) Source #
Monad ((->) r) Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods (>>=) :: (r -> a) -> (a -> r -> b) -> r -> b Source # (>>) :: (r -> a) -> (r -> b) -> r -> b Source # return :: a -> r -> a Source #
Monad f => Monad (M1 i c f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods (>>=) :: M1 i c f a -> (a -> M1 i c f b) -> M1 i c f b Source # (>>) :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f b -> M1 i c f b Source # return :: a -> M1 i c f a Source #

class Monad m => MonadFail (m :: Type -> Type) where Source #

When a value is bound in `do`-notation, the pattern on the left hand side of `<-` might not match. In this case, this class provides a function to recover.

A `Monad` without a `MonadFail` instance may only be used in conjunction with pattern that always match, such as newtypes, tuples, data types with only a single data constructor, and irrefutable patterns (`~pat`).

Instances of `MonadFail` should satisfy the following law: `fail s` should be a left zero for `>>=`,

    fail s >>= f  =  fail s

If your `Monad` is also `MonadPlus`, a popular definition is

    fail _ = mzero

`fail s` should be an action that runs in the monad itself, not an exception (except in instances of `MonadIO`). In particular, `fail` should not be implemented in terms of `error`.

Since: base-4.9.0.0

Methods

fail :: String -> m a Source #

#### Instances

Instances details

MonadFail ReadP Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP Methods fail :: String -> ReadP a Source #
MonadFail ReadPrec Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Text.ParserCombinators.ReadPrec Methods fail :: String -> ReadPrec a Source #
MonadFail IO Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fail Methods fail :: String -> IO a Source #
MonadFail Maybe Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fail Methods fail :: String -> Maybe a Source #
MonadFail [] Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Monad.Fail Methods fail :: String -> [a] Source #
MonadFail f => MonadFail (Ap f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Methods fail :: String -> Ap f a Source #

class (Alternative m, Monad m) => MonadPlus (m :: Type -> Type) where Source #

Monads that also support choice and failure.

Minimal complete definition

Nothing

Methods

mzero :: m a Source #

The identity of `mplus`. It should also satisfy the equations

    mzero >>= f  =  mzero
    v >> mzero   =  mzero

The default definition is

    mzero = empty

mplus :: m a -> m a -> m a Source #

An associative operation. The default definition is

    mplus = (<|>)

#### Instances

Instances details

MonadPlus STM Source # | Takes the first non-`retry`ing `STM` action. Since: base-4.3.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Conc.Sync Methods mzero :: STM a Source # mplus :: STM a -> STM a -> STM a Source #
MonadPlus ReadP Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Text.ParserCombinators.ReadP Methods mzero :: ReadP a Source # mplus :: ReadP a -> ReadP a -> ReadP a Source #
MonadPlus ReadPrec Source # | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Text.ParserCombinators.ReadPrec Methods mzero :: ReadPrec a Source # mplus :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec a Source #
MonadPlus IO Source # | Takes the first non-throwing `IO` action's result. `mzero` throws an exception. Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods mzero :: IO a Source # mplus :: IO a -> IO a -> IO a Source #
MonadPlus Maybe Source # | Picks the leftmost `Just` value, or, alternatively, `Nothing`. Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods mzero :: Maybe a Source # mplus :: Maybe a -> Maybe a -> Maybe a Source #
MonadPlus [] Source # | Combines lists by concatenation, starting from the empty list. Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Base Methods mzero :: [a] Source # mplus :: [a] -> [a] -> [a] Source #
(ArrowApply a, ArrowPlus a) => MonadPlus (ArrowMonad a) Source # | Since: base-4.6.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Arrow Methods mzero :: ArrowMonad a a0 Source # mplus :: ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 -> ArrowMonad a a0 Source #
MonadPlus (Proxy :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Proxy Methods mzero :: Proxy a Source # mplus :: Proxy a -> Proxy a -> Proxy a Source #
MonadPlus (U1 :: Type -> Type) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods mzero :: U1 a Source # mplus :: U1 a -> U1 a -> U1 a Source #
MonadPlus m => MonadPlus (Kleisli m a) Source # | Since: base-4.14.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Control.Arrow Methods mzero :: Kleisli m a a0 Source # mplus :: Kleisli m a a0 -> Kleisli m a a0 -> Kleisli m a a0 Source #
MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Ap f) Source # | Since: base-4.12.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Monoid Methods mzero :: Ap f a Source # mplus :: Ap f a -> Ap f a -> Ap f a Source #
MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Alt f) Source # | Since: base-4.8.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Data.Semigroup.Internal Methods mzero :: Alt f a Source # mplus :: Alt f a -> Alt f a -> Alt f a Source #
MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (Rec1 f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods mzero :: Rec1 f a Source # mplus :: Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f a -> Rec1 f a Source #
(MonadPlus f, MonadPlus g) => MonadPlus (f :*: g) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods mzero :: (f :*: g) a Source # mplus :: (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) a -> (f :*: g) a Source #
MonadPlus f => MonadPlus (M1 i c f) Source # | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Internal.Generics Methods mzero :: M1 i c f a Source # mplus :: M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f a -> M1 i c f a Source #

# Functions

## Naming conventions

## Basic `Monad` functions

mapM :: (Traversable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m (t b) Source #

Map each element of a structure to a monadic action, evaluate these actions from left to right, and collect the results. For a version that ignores the results see `mapM_`.

#### Examples

Expand

`mapM` is literally a `traverse` with a type signature restricted to `Monad`. Its implementation may be more efficient due to additional power of `Monad`.

mapM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (a -> m b) -> t a -> m () Source #

Map each element of a structure to a monadic action, evaluate these actions from left to right, and ignore the results. For a version that doesn't ignore the results see `mapM`.

`mapM_` is just like `traverse_`, but specialised to monadic actions.

forM :: (Traversable t, Monad m) => t a -> (a -> m b) -> m (t b) Source #

`forM` is `mapM` with its arguments flipped. For a version that ignores the results see `forM_`.

forM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t a -> (a -> m b) -> m () Source #

`forM_` is `mapM_` with its arguments flipped. For a version that doesn't ignore the results see `forM`.

`forM_` is just like `for_`, but specialised to monadic actions.

sequence :: (Traversable t, Monad m) => t (m a) -> m (t a) Source #

Evaluate each monadic action in the structure from left to right, and collect the results. For a version that ignores the results see `sequence_`.

#### Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

The first two examples are instances where the input and and output of `sequence` are isomorphic.

    >>> sequence $ Right [1,2,3,4]
    [Right 1,Right 2,Right 3,Right 4]

    >>> sequence $ [Right 1,Right 2,Right 3,Right 4]
    Right [1,2,3,4]

The following examples demonstrate short circuit behavior for `sequence`.

    >>> sequence $ Left [1,2,3,4]
    Left [1,2,3,4]

    >>> sequence $ [Left 0, Right 1,Right 2,Right 3,Right 4]
    Left 0

sequence_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => t (m a) -> m () Source #

Evaluate each monadic action in the structure from left to right, and ignore the results. For a version that doesn't ignore the results see `sequence`.

`sequence_` is just like `sequenceA_`, but specialised to monadic actions.

(=<<) :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> m a -> m b infixr 1 Source #

Same as `>>=`, but with the arguments interchanged.

    as >>= f == f =<< as

(>=>) :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> (b -> m c) -> a -> m c infixr 1 Source #

Left-to-right composition of `Kleisli` arrows.

'`(bs `>=>` cs) a`' can be understood as the `do` expression

    do b <- bs a
       cs b

or in terms of ``(>>=)`` as

    bs a >>= cs

(<=<) :: Monad m => (b -> m c) -> (a -> m b) -> a -> m c infixr 1 Source #

Right-to-left composition of Kleisli arrows. `(`>=>`)`, with the arguments flipped.

Note how this operator resembles function composition `(`.`)`:

    (.)   ::            (b ->   c) -> (a ->   b) -> a ->   c
    (<=<) :: Monad m => (b -> m c) -> (a -> m b) -> a -> m c

forever :: Applicative f => f a -> f b Source #

Repeat an action indefinitely.

#### Examples

Expand

A common use of `forever` is to process input from network sockets, `Handle`s, and channels (e.g. `MVar` and `Chan`).

For example, here is how we might implement an echo server, using `forever` both to listen for client connections on a network socket and to echo client input on client connection handles:

    echoServer :: Socket -> IO ()
    echoServer socket = forever $ do
      client <- accept socket
      forkFinally (echo client) (\_ -> hClose client)
      where
        echo :: Handle -> IO ()
        echo client = forever $
          hGetLine client >>= hPutStrLn client

Note that "forever" isn't necessarily non-terminating. If the action is in a ``MonadPlus`` and short-circuits after some number of iterations. then ``forever`` actually returns `mzero`, effectively short-circuiting its caller.

void :: Functor f => f a -> f () Source #

``void` value` discards or ignores the result of evaluation, such as the return value of an `IO` action.

#### Examples

Expand

Replace the contents of a ``Maybe` `Int`` with unit:

    >>> void Nothing
    Nothing

    >>> void (Just 3)
    Just ()

Replace the contents of an ``Either` `Int` `Int`` with unit, resulting in an ``Either` `Int` `()``:

    >>> void (Left 8675309)
    Left 8675309

    >>> void (Right 8675309)
    Right ()

Replace every element of a list with unit:

    >>> void [1,2,3]
    [(),(),()]

Replace the second element of a pair with unit:

    >>> void (1,2)
    (1,())

Discard the result of an `IO` action:

    >>> mapM print [1,2]
    1
    2
    [(),()]

    >>> void $ mapM print [1,2]
    1
    2

## Generalisations of list functions

join :: Monad m => m (m a) -> m a Source #

The `join` function is the conventional monad join operator. It is used to remove one level of monadic structure, projecting its bound argument into the outer level.

'``join` bss`' can be understood as the `do` expression

    do bs <- bss
       bs

#### Examples

Expand

    >>> join [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
    [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

    >>> join (Just (Just 3))
    Just 3

A common use of `join` is to run an `IO` computation returned from an `STM` transaction, since `STM` transactions can't perform `IO` directly. Recall that

    atomically :: STM a -> IO a

is used to run `STM` transactions atomically. So, by specializing the types of `atomically` and `join` to

    atomically :: STM (IO b) -> IO (IO b)
    join       :: IO (IO b)  -> IO b

we can compose them as

    join . atomically :: STM (IO b) -> IO b

to run an `STM` transaction and the `IO` action it returns.

msum :: (Foldable t, MonadPlus m) => t (m a) -> m a Source #

The sum of a collection of actions using `(<|>)`, generalizing `concat`.

`msum` is just like `asum`, but specialised to `MonadPlus`.

#### Examples

Expand

Basic usage, using the `MonadPlus` instance for `Maybe`:

    >>> msum [Just "Hello", Nothing, Just "World"]
    Just "Hello"

mfilter :: MonadPlus m => (a -> Bool) -> m a -> m a Source #

Direct `MonadPlus` equivalent of `filter`.

#### Examples

Expand

The `filter` function is just `mfilter` specialized to the list monad:

    filter = ( mfilter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a] )

An example using `mfilter` with the `Maybe` monad:

    >>> mfilter odd (Just 1)
    Just 1
    >>> mfilter odd (Just 2)
    Nothing

filterM :: Applicative m => (a -> m Bool) -> [a] -> m [a] Source #

This generalizes the list-based `filter` function.

    runIdentity (filterM (Identity . p) xs) == filter p xs

#### Examples

Expand

    >>> filterM (\x -> do
          putStrLn ("Keep: " ++ show x ++ "?")
          answer <- getLine
          pure (answer == "y"))
        [1, 2, 3]
    Keep: 1?
    y
    Keep: 2?
    n
    Keep: 3?
    y
    [1,3]

    >>> filterM (\x -> do
          putStr (show x)
          x' <- readLn
          pure (x == x'))
        [1, 2, 3]
    12
    22
    33
    [2,3]

mapAndUnzipM :: Applicative m => (a -> m (b, c)) -> [a] -> m ([b], [c]) Source #

The `mapAndUnzipM` function maps its first argument over a list, returning the result as a pair of lists. This function is mainly used with complicated data structures or a state monad.

zipWithM :: Applicative m => (a -> b -> m c) -> [a] -> [b] -> m [c] Source #

The `zipWithM` function generalizes `zipWith` to arbitrary applicative functors.

zipWithM_ :: Applicative m => (a -> b -> m c) -> [a] -> [b] -> m () Source #

`zipWithM_` is the extension of `zipWithM` which ignores the final result.

foldM :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (b -> a -> m b) -> b -> t a -> m b Source #

The `foldM` function is analogous to `foldl`, except that its result is encapsulated in a monad. Note that `foldM` works from left-to-right over the list arguments. This could be an issue where `(`>>`)` and the `folded function' are not commutative.

    foldM f a1 [x1, x2, ..., xm]

    ==

    do
      a2 <- f a1 x1
      a3 <- f a2 x2
      ...
      f am xm

If right-to-left evaluation is required, the input list should be reversed.

Note: `foldM` is the same as `foldlM`

foldM_ :: (Foldable t, Monad m) => (b -> a -> m b) -> b -> t a -> m () Source #

Like `foldM`, but discards the result.

replicateM :: Applicative m => Int -> m a -> m [a] Source #

``replicateM` n act` performs the action `act` `n` times, and then returns the list of results.

    replicateM n (pure x) == replicate n x

#### Examples

Expand

    >>> replicateM 3 getLine
    hi
    heya
    hiya
    ["hi","heya","hiya"]

    >>> import Control.Monad.State
    >>> runState (replicateM 3 $ state $ \s -> (s, s + 1)) 1
    ([1,2,3],4)

replicateM_ :: Applicative m => Int -> m a -> m () Source #

Like `replicateM`, but discards the result.

#### Examples

Expand

    >>> replicateM_ 3 (putStr "a")
    aaa

## Conditional execution of monadic expressions

guard :: Alternative f => Bool -> f () Source #

Conditional failure of `Alternative` computations. Defined by

    guard True  = pure ()
    guard False = empty

#### Examples

Expand

Common uses of `guard` include conditionally signalling an error in an error monad and conditionally rejecting the current choice in an `Alternative`-based parser.

As an example of signalling an error in the error monad `Maybe`, consider a safe division function `safeDiv x y` that returns `Nothing` when the denominator `y` is zero and ``Just` (x `div` y)` otherwise. For example:

    >>> safeDiv 4 0
    Nothing

    >>> safeDiv 4 2
    Just 2

A definition of `safeDiv` using guards, but not `guard`:

    safeDiv :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
    safeDiv x y | y /= 0    = Just (x `div` y)
                | otherwise = Nothing

A definition of `safeDiv` using `guard` and `Monad` `do`-notation:

    safeDiv :: Int -> Int -> Maybe Int
    safeDiv x y = do
      guard (y /= 0)
      return (x `div` y)

when :: Applicative f => Bool -> f () -> f () Source #

Conditional execution of `Applicative` expressions. For example,

#### Examples

Expand

    when debug (putStrLn "Debugging")

will output the string `Debugging` if the Boolean value `debug` is `True`, and otherwise do nothing.

    >>> putStr "pi:" >> when False (print 3.14159)
    pi:

unless :: Applicative f => Bool -> f () -> f () Source #

The reverse of `when`.

#### Examples

Expand

    >>> do x <- getLine
           unless (x == "hi") (putStrLn "hi!")
    comingupwithexamplesisdifficult
    hi!

    >>> unless (pi > exp 1) Nothing
    Just ()

## Monadic lifting operators

liftM :: Monad m => (a1 -> r) -> m a1 -> m r Source #

Promote a function to a monad. This is equivalent to `fmap` but specialised to Monads.

liftM2 :: Monad m => (a1 -> a2 -> r) -> m a1 -> m a2 -> m r Source #

Promote a function to a monad, scanning the monadic arguments from left to right.

#### Examples

Expand

    >>> liftM2 (+) [0,1] [0,2]
    [0,2,1,3]

    >>> liftM2 (+) (Just 1) Nothing
    Nothing

    >>> liftM2 (+) (+ 3) (* 2) 5
    18

liftM3 :: Monad m => (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> r) -> m a1 -> m a2 -> m a3 -> m r Source #

Promote a function to a monad, scanning the monadic arguments from left to right (cf. `liftM2`).

liftM4 :: Monad m => (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> r) -> m a1 -> m a2 -> m a3 -> m a4 -> m r Source #

Promote a function to a monad, scanning the monadic arguments from left to right (cf. `liftM2`).

liftM5 :: Monad m => (a1 -> a2 -> a3 -> a4 -> a5 -> r) -> m a1 -> m a2 -> m a3 -> m a4 -> m a5 -> m r Source #

Promote a function to a monad, scanning the monadic arguments from left to right (cf. `liftM2`).

ap :: Monad m => m (a -> b) -> m a -> m b Source #

In many situations, the `liftM` operations can be replaced by uses of `ap`, which promotes function application.

    return f `ap` x1 `ap` ... `ap` xn

is equivalent to

    liftM<n> f x1 x2 ... xn

#### Examples

Expand

    >>> pure (\x y z -> x + y * z) `ap` Just 1 `ap` Just 5 `ap` Just 10
    Just 51

## Strict monadic functions

(<$!>) :: Monad m => (a -> b) -> m a -> m b infixl 4 Source #

Strict version of `<$>`.

Since: base-4.8.0.0