# Manual Pages

## arpaname - translate IP addresses to the corresponding ARPA names

### Synopsis

arpaname {ipaddress …}

### Description

arpaname translates IP addresses (IPv4 and IPv6) to the corresponding IN-ADDR.ARPA or IP6.ARPA names.

### See Also

BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## ddns-confgen - TSIG key generation tool

### Synopsis

ddns-confgen [-a algorithm] [-h] [-k keyname] [-q] [-s name] [-z zone]

### Description

ddns-confgen is an utility that generates keys for use in TSIG signing. The resulting keys can be used, for example, to secure dynamic DNS updates to a zone, or for the `rndc` command channel.

The key name can specified using `-k` parameter and defaults to `ddns-key`. The generated key is accompanied by configuration text and instructions that can be used with `nsupdate` and `named` when setting up dynamic DNS, including an example `update-policy` statement. (This usage is similar to the `rndc-confgen` command for setting up command-channel security.)

Note that `named` itself can configure a local DDNS key for use with `nsupdate -l`; it does this when a zone is configured with `update-policy local;`. ddns-confgen is only needed when a more elaborate configuration is required: for instance, if `nsupdate` is to be used from a remote system.

### Options

-a algorithm

  This option specifies the algorithm to use for the TSIG key. Available choices are: hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384, and hmac-sha512. The default is hmac-sha256. Options are case-insensitive, and the “hmac-” prefix may be omitted.

-h

  This option prints a short summary of options and arguments.

-k keyname

  This option specifies the key name of the DDNS authentication key. The default is `ddns-key` when neither the `-s` nor `-z` option is specified; otherwise, the default is `ddns-key` as a separate label followed by the argument of the option, e.g., `ddns-key.example.com.` The key name must have the format of a valid domain name, consisting of letters, digits, hyphens, and periods.

-q

  This option enables quiet mode, which prints only the key, with no explanatory text or usage examples. This is essentially identical to `tsig-keygen`.

-s name

  This option generates a configuration example to allow dynamic updates of a single hostname. The example `named.conf` text shows how to set an update policy for the specified name using the “name” nametype. The default key name is `ddns-key.name`. Note that the “self” nametype cannot be used, since the name to be updated may differ from the key name. This option cannot be used with the `-z` option.

-z zone

  This option generates a configuration example to allow dynamic updates of a zone. The example `named.conf` text shows how to set an update policy for the specified zone using the “zonesub” nametype, allowing updates to all subdomain names within that zone. This option cannot be used with the `-s` option.

### See Also

`nsupdate(1)`, `named.conf(5)`, `named(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## delv - DNS lookup and validation utility

### Synopsis

delv [@server] [ [-4] | [-6] ] [-a anchor-file] [-b address] [-c class] [-d level] [-i] [-m] [-p port#] [-q name] [-t type] [-x addr] [name] [type] [class] [queryopt…]

delv [-h]

delv [-v]

delv [queryopt…] [query…]

### Description

delv is a tool for sending DNS queries and validating the results, using the same internal resolver and validator logic as `named`.

delv sends to a specified name server all queries needed to fetch and validate the requested data; this includes the original requested query, subsequent queries to follow CNAME or DNAME chains, queries for DNSKEY, and DS records to establish a chain of trust for DNSSEC validation. It does not perform iterative resolution, but simulates the behavior of a name server configured for DNSSEC validating and forwarding.

By default, responses are validated using the built-in DNSSEC trust anchor for the root zone (“.”). Records returned by delv are either fully validated or were not signed. If validation fails, an explanation of the failure is included in the output; the validation process can be traced in detail. Because delv does not rely on an external server to carry out validation, it can be used to check the validity of DNS responses in environments where local name servers may not be trustworthy.

Unless it is told to query a specific name server, delv tries each of the servers listed in `/etc/resolv.conf`. If no usable server addresses are found, delv sends queries to the localhost addresses (127.0.0.1 for IPv4, ::1 for IPv6).

When no command-line arguments or options are given, delv performs an NS query for “.” (the root zone).

### Simple Usage

A typical invocation of delv looks like:

    delv @server name type

where:

server

  is the name or IP address of the name server to query. This can be an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation or an IPv6 address in colon-delimited notation. When the supplied `server` argument is a hostname, delv resolves that name before querying that name server (note, however, that this initial lookup is not validated by DNSSEC).

  If no `server` argument is provided, delv consults `/etc/resolv.conf`; if an address is found there, it queries the name server at that address. If either of the `-4` or `-6` options is in use, then only addresses for the corresponding transport are tried. If no usable addresses are found, delv sends queries to the localhost addresses (127.0.0.1 for IPv4, ::1 for IPv6).

name

  is the domain name to be looked up.

type

  indicates what type of query is required - ANY, A, MX, etc. `type` can be any valid query type. If no `type` argument is supplied, delv performs a lookup for an A record.

### Options

-a anchor-file

  This option specifies a file from which to read an alternate DNSSEC root zone trust anchor.

  By default, keys that do not match the root zone name (.) are ignored. If an alternate key name is desired, it can be specified using the `+root` option.

  Note: When reading trust anchors, delv treats `trust-anchors`, `initial-key`, and `static-key` identically. That is, for a managed key, it is the initial key that is trusted; RFC 5011 key management is not supported. delv does not consult the managed-keys database maintained by `named`. This means that if the default key built in to delv is revoked, delv must be updated to a newer version in order to continue validating.

-b address

  This option sets the source IP address of the query to `address`. This must be a valid address on one of the host’s network interfaces, or `0.0.0.0`, or `::`. An optional source port may be specified by appending `#<port>`

-c class

  This option sets the query class for the requested data. Currently, only class “IN” is supported in delv and any other value is ignored.

-d level

  This option sets the systemwide debug level to `level`. The allowed range is from 0 to 99. The default is 0 (no debugging). Debugging traces from delv become more verbose as the debug level increases. See the `+mtrace`, `+rtrace`, and `+vtrace` options below for additional debugging details.

-h

  This option displays the delv help usage output and exits.

-i

  This option sets insecure mode, which disables internal DNSSEC validation. (Note, however, that this does not set the CD bit on upstream queries. If the server being queried is performing DNSSEC validation, then it does not return invalid data; this can cause delv to time out. When it is necessary to examine invalid data to debug a DNSSEC problem, use `dig +cd`.)

-m

  This option enables memory usage debugging.

-p port#

  This option specifies a destination port to use for queries, instead of the standard DNS port number 53. This option is used with a name server that has been configured to listen for queries on a non-standard port number.

-q name

  This option sets the query name to `name`. While the query name can be specified without using the `-q` option, it is sometimes necessary to disambiguate names from types or classes (for example, when looking up the name “ns”, which could be misinterpreted as the type NS, or “ch”, which could be misinterpreted as class CH).

-t type

  This option sets the query type to `type`, which can be any valid query type supported in BIND 9 except for zone transfer types AXFR and IXFR. As with `-q`, this is useful to distinguish query-name types or classes when they are ambiguous. It is sometimes necessary to disambiguate names from types.

  The default query type is “A”, unless the `-x` option is supplied to indicate a reverse lookup, in which case it is “PTR”.

-v

  This option prints the delv version and exits.

-x addr

  This option performs a reverse lookup, mapping an address to a name. `addr` is an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation, or a colon-delimited IPv6 address. When `-x` is used, there is no need to provide the `name` or `type` arguments; delv automatically performs a lookup for a name like `11.12.13.10.in-addr.arpa` and sets the query type to PTR. IPv6 addresses are looked up using nibble format under the IP6.ARPA domain.

-4

  This option forces delv to only use IPv4.

-6

  This option forces delv to only use IPv6.

### Query Options

delv provides a number of query options which affect the way results are displayed, and in some cases the way lookups are performed.

Each query option is identified by a keyword preceded by a plus sign (`+`). Some keywords set or reset an option. These may be preceded by the string `no` to negate the meaning of that keyword. Other keywords assign values to options like the timeout interval. They have the form `+keyword=value`. The query options are:

+cdflag, +nocdflag

  This option controls whether to set the CD (checking disabled) bit in queries sent by delv. This may be useful when troubleshooting DNSSEC problems from behind a validating resolver. A validating resolver blocks invalid responses, making it difficult to retrieve them for analysis. Setting the CD flag on queries causes the resolver to return invalid responses, which delv can then validate internally and report the errors in detail.

+class, +noclass

  This option controls whether to display the CLASS when printing a record. The default is to display the CLASS.

+hint=FILE, +nohint

  This option specifies a filename from which to load root hints; this will be used to find the root name servers when name server mode (`delv +ns`) is in use. If the option is not specified, built-in root hints will be used.

+ns, +nons

  This option toggles name server mode. When this option is in use, the `delv` process instantiates a full recursive resolver, and uses that to look up the requested query name and type. Turning on this option also activates `+mtrace`, `+strace` and `+rtrace`, so that every iterative query will be logged, including the full response messages from each authoritatve server. These logged messages will be written to `stdout` rather than `stderr` as usual, so that the full trace can be captured more easily.

  This is intended to be similar to the behavior of `dig +trace`, but because it uses the same code as `named`, it much more accurately replicates the behavior of a recursive name server with a cold cache that is processing a recursive query.

+qmin[=MODE], +noqmin

  When used with `+ns`, this option enables QNAME minimization mode. Valid options of MODE are `relaxed` and `strict`. By default, QNAME minimization is disabled. If `+qmin` is specified but MODE is omitted, then `relaxed` mode will be used.

+ttl, +nottl

  This option controls whether to display the TTL when printing a record. The default is to display the TTL.

+rtrace, +nortrace

  This option toggles resolver fetch logging. This reports the name and type of each query sent by delv in the process of carrying out the resolution and validation process, including the original query and all subsequent queries to follow CNAMEs and to establish a chain of trust for DNSSEC validation.

  This is equivalent to setting the debug level to 1 in the “resolver” logging category. Setting the systemwide debug level to 1 using the `-d` option produces the same output, but affects other logging categories as well.

+mtrace, +nomtrace

  This option toggles logging of messages received. This produces a detailed dump of the responses received by delv in the process of carrying out the resolution and validation process.

  This is equivalent to setting the debug level to 10 for the “packets” module of the “resolver” logging category. Setting the systemwide debug level to 10 using the `-d` option produces the same output, but affects other logging categories as well.

+strace, +nostrace

  This option toggles logging of messages sent. This produces a detailed dump of the queries sent by delv in the process of carrying out the resolution and validation process. Turning on this option also activates `+mtrace`.

  This is equivalent to setting the debug level to 11 for the “packets” module of the “resolver” logging category. Setting the systemwide debug level to 11 using the `-d` option produces the same output, but affects other logging categories as well.

+vtrace, +novtrace

  This option toggles validation logging. This shows the internal process of the validator as it determines whether an answer is validly signed, unsigned, or invalid.

  This is equivalent to setting the debug level to 3 for the “validator” module of the “dnssec” logging category. Setting the systemwide debug level to 3 using the `-d` option produces the same output, but affects other logging categories as well.

+short, +noshort

  This option toggles between verbose and terse answers. The default is to print the answer in a verbose form.

+comments, +nocomments

  This option toggles the display of comment lines in the output. The default is to print comments.

+rrcomments, +norrcomments

  This option toggles the display of per-record comments in the output (for example, human-readable key information about DNSKEY records). The default is to print per-record comments.

+crypto, +nocrypto

  This option toggles the display of cryptographic fields in DNSSEC records. The contents of these fields are unnecessary to debug most DNSSEC validation failures and removing them makes it easier to see the common failures. The default is to display the fields. When omitted, they are replaced by the string `[omitted]` or, in the DNSKEY case, the key ID is displayed as the replacement, e.g. `[ key id = value ]`.

+restarts

  When name server mode (`delv +ns`) is in use, this option sets the maximum number of CNAME queries to follow before terminating resolution. This prevents `delv` from hanging in the event of a CNAME loop. The default is 11.

+maxqueries

  This option specifies the maximum number of queries to send to resolve a name before giving up. The default is 50.

+maxtotalqueries

  This option specifies the maximum number of queries to send to resolve a client request before giving up. The default is 200.

+trust, +notrust

  This option controls whether to display the trust level when printing a record. The default is to display the trust level.

+split[=W], +nosplit

  This option splits long hex- or base64-formatted fields in resource records into chunks of `W` characters (where `W` is rounded up to the nearest multiple of 4). `+nosplit` or `+split=0` causes fields not to be split at all. The default is 56 characters, or 44 characters when multiline mode is active.

+all, +noall

  This option sets or clears the display options `+comments`, `+rrcomments`, and `+trust` as a group.

+multiline, +nomultiline

  This option prints long records (such as RRSIG, DNSKEY, and SOA records) in a verbose multi-line format with human-readable comments. The default is to print each record on a single line, to facilitate machine parsing of the delv output.

+dnssec, +nodnssec

  This option indicates whether to display RRSIG records in the delv output. The default is to do so. Note that (unlike in `dig`) this does not control whether to request DNSSEC records or to validate them. DNSSEC records are always requested, and validation always occurs unless suppressed by the use of `-i` or `+noroot`.

+root[=ROOT], +noroot

  This option indicates whether to perform conventional DNSSEC validation, and if so, specifies the name of a trust anchor. The default is to validate using a trust anchor of “.” (the root zone), for which there is a built-in key. If specifying a different trust anchor, then `-a` must be used to specify a file containing the key.

+tcp, +notcp

  This option controls whether to use TCP when sending queries. The default is to use UDP unless a truncated response has been received.

+unknownformat, +nounknownformat

  This option prints all RDATA in unknown RR-type presentation format (RFC 3597). The default is to print RDATA for known types in the type’s presentation format.

+yaml, +noyaml

  This option prints response data in YAML format.

### Files

`/etc/resolv.conf`

### See Also

`dig(1)`, `named(8)`, RFC 4034, RFC 4035, RFC 4431, RFC 5074, RFC 5155.

## dig - DNS lookup utility

### Synopsis

dig [@server] [-b address] [-c class] [-f filename] [-k filename] [-m] [-p port#] [-q name] [-t type] [-v] [-x addr] [-y [hmac:]name:key] [ [-4] | [-6] ] [name] [type] [class] [queryopt…]

dig [-h]

dig [global-queryopt…] [query…]

### Description

dig is a flexible tool for interrogating DNS name servers. It performs DNS lookups and displays the answers that are returned from the name server(s) that were queried. Most DNS administrators use dig to troubleshoot DNS problems because of its flexibility, ease of use, and clarity of output. Other lookup tools tend to have less functionality than dig.

Although dig is normally used with command-line arguments, it also has a batch mode of operation for reading lookup requests from a file. A brief summary of its command-line arguments and options is printed when the `-h` option is given. The BIND 9 implementation of dig allows multiple lookups to be issued from the command line.

Unless it is told to query a specific name server, dig tries each of the servers listed in `/etc/resolv.conf`. If no usable server addresses are found, dig sends the query to the local host.

When no command-line arguments or options are given, dig performs an NS query for “.” (the root).

It is possible to set per-user defaults for dig via `${HOME}/.digrc`. This file is read and any options in it are applied before the command-line arguments. The `-r` option disables this feature, for scripts that need predictable behavior.

The IN and CH class names overlap with the IN and CH top-level domain names. Either use the `-t` and `-c` options to specify the type and class, use the `-q` to specify the domain name, or use “IN.” and “CH.” when looking up these top-level domains.

### Simple Usage

A typical invocation of dig looks like:

    dig @server name type

where:

server

  is the name or IP address of the name server to query. This can be an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation or an IPv6 address in colon-delimited notation. When the supplied `server` argument is a hostname, dig resolves that name before querying that name server.

  If no `server` argument is provided, dig consults `/etc/resolv.conf`; if an address is found there, it queries the name server at that address. If either of the `-4` or `-6` options are in use, then only addresses for the corresponding transport are tried. If no usable addresses are found, dig sends the query to the local host. The reply from the name server that responds is displayed.

name

  is the name of the resource record that is to be looked up.

type

  indicates what type of query is required - ANY, A, MX, SIG, etc. `type` can be any valid query type. If no `type` argument is supplied, dig performs a lookup for an A record.

### Options

-4

  This option indicates that only IPv4 should be used.

-6

  This option indicates that only IPv6 should be used.

-b address[#port]

  This option sets the source IP address of the query. The `address` must be a valid address on one of the host’s network interfaces, or “0.0.0.0” or “::”. An optional port may be specified by appending `#port`.

-c class

  This option sets the query class. The default `class` is IN; other classes are HS for Hesiod records or CH for Chaosnet records.

-f file

  This option sets batch mode, in which dig reads a list of lookup requests to process from the given `file`. Each line in the file should be organized in the same way it would be presented as a query to dig using the command-line interface.

-h

  Print a usage summary.

-k keyfile

  This option tells dig to sign queries using TSIG or SIG(0) using a key read from the given file. Key files can be generated using `tsig-keygen`. When using TSIG authentication with dig, the name server that is queried needs to know the key and algorithm that is being used. In BIND, this is done by providing appropriate `key` and `server` statements in `named.conf` for TSIG and by looking up the KEY record in zone data for SIG(0).

-m

  This option enables memory usage debugging.

-p port

  This option sends the query to a non-standard port on the server, instead of the default port 53. This option is used to test a name server that has been configured to listen for queries on a non-standard port number.

-q name

  This option specifies the domain name to query. This is useful to distinguish the `name` from other arguments.

-r

  This option indicates that options from `${HOME}/.digrc` should not be read. This is useful for scripts that need predictable behavior.

-t type

  This option indicates the resource record type to query, which can be any valid query type. If it is a resource record type supported in BIND 9, it can be given by the type mnemonic (such as `NS` or `AAAA`). The default query type is `A`, unless the `-x` option is supplied to indicate a reverse lookup. A zone transfer can be requested by specifying a type of AXFR. When an incremental zone transfer (IXFR) is required, set the `type` to `ixfr=N`. The incremental zone transfer contains all changes made to the zone since the serial number in the zone’s SOA record was `N`.

  All resource record types can be expressed as `TYPEnn`, where `nn` is the number of the type. If the resource record type is not supported in BIND 9, the result is displayed as described in RFC 3597.

-u

  This option indicates that print query times should be provided in microseconds instead of milliseconds.

-v

  This option prints the version number and exits.

-x addr

  This option sets simplified reverse lookups, for mapping addresses to names. The `addr` is an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation, or a colon-delimited IPv6 address. When the `-x` option is used, there is no need to provide the `name`, `class`, and `type` arguments. dig automatically performs a lookup for a name like `94.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa` and sets the query type and class to PTR and IN respectively. IPv6 addresses are looked up using nibble format under the IP6.ARPA domain.

-y [hmac:]keyname:secret

  This option signs queries using TSIG with the given authentication key. `keyname` is the name of the key, and `secret` is the base64-encoded shared secret. `hmac` is the name of the key algorithm; valid choices are `hmac-md5`, `hmac-sha1`, `hmac-sha224`, `hmac-sha256`, `hmac-sha384`, or `hmac-sha512`. If `hmac` is not specified, the default is `hmac-md5`; if MD5 was disabled, the default is `hmac-sha256`.

Note

Only the `-k` option should be used, rather than the `-y` option, because with `-y` the shared secret is supplied as a command-line argument in clear text. This may be visible in the output from `ps1` or in a history file maintained by the user’s shell.

### Query Options

dig provides a number of query options which affect the way in which lookups are made and the results displayed. Some of these set or reset flag bits in the query header, some determine which sections of the answer get printed, and others determine the timeout and retry strategies.

Each query option is identified by a keyword preceded by a plus sign (`+`). Some keywords set or reset an option; these may be preceded by the string `no` to negate the meaning of that keyword. Other keywords assign values to options, like the timeout interval. They have the form `+keyword=value`. Keywords may be abbreviated, provided the abbreviation is unambiguous; for example, `+cd` is equivalent to `+cdflag`. The query options are:

+aaflag, +noaaflag

  This option is a synonym for `+aaonly`, `+noaaonly`.

+aaonly, +noaaonly

  This option sets the `aa` flag in the query.

+additional, +noadditional

  This option displays [or does not display] the additional section of a reply. The default is to display it.

+adflag, +noadflag

  This option sets [or does not set] the AD (authentic data) bit in the query. This requests the server to return whether all of the answer and authority sections have been validated as secure, according to the security policy of the server. `AD=1` indicates that all records have been validated as secure and the answer is not from a OPT-OUT range. `AD=0` indicates that some part of the answer was insecure or not validated. This bit is set by default.

+all, +noall

  This option sets or clears all display flags.

+answer, +noanswer

  This option displays [or does not display] the answer section of a reply. The default is to display it.

+authority, +noauthority

  This option displays [or does not display] the authority section of a reply. The default is to display it.

+badcookie, +nobadcookie

  This option retries the lookup with a new server cookie if a BADCOOKIE response is received.

+besteffort, +nobesteffort

  This option attempts to display the contents of messages which are malformed. The default is to not display malformed answers.

+bufsize[=B]

  This option sets the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to `B` bytes. The maximum and minimum sizes of this buffer are 65535 and 0, respectively. `+bufsize` restores the default buffer size.

+cd, +cdflag, +nocdflag

  This option sets [or does not set] the CD (checking disabled) bit in the query. This requests the server to not perform DNSSEC validation of responses.

+class, +noclass

  This option displays [or does not display] the CLASS when printing the record.

+cmd, +nocmd

  This option toggles the printing of the initial comment in the output, identifying the version of dig and the query options that have been applied. This option always has a global effect; it cannot be set globally and then overridden on a per-lookup basis. The default is to print this comment.

+coflag, +co, +nocoflag, +noco

  This option sets [or does not set] the CO (Compact denial of existence Ok) EDNS bit in the query. If set, it tells servers that Compact Denial of Existence responses are acceptable when replying to queries. The default is `+nocoflag`.

+comments, +nocomments

  This option toggles the display of some comment lines in the output, with information about the packet header and OPT pseudosection, and the names of the response section. The default is to print these comments.

  Other types of comments in the output are not affected by this option, but can be controlled using other command-line switches. These include `+cmd`, `+question`, `+stats`, and `+rrcomments`.

+cookie=####, +nocookie

  This option sends [or does not send] a COOKIE EDNS option, with an optional value. Replaying a COOKIE from a previous response allows the server to identify a previous client. The default is `+cookie`.

  `+cookie` is also set when `+trace` is set to better emulate the default queries from a nameserver.

+crypto, +nocrypto

  This option toggles the display of cryptographic fields in DNSSEC records. The contents of these fields are unnecessary for debugging most DNSSEC validation failures and removing them makes it easier to see the common failures. The default is to display the fields. When omitted, they are replaced by the string `[omitted]` or, in the DNSKEY case, the key ID is displayed as the replacement, e.g. `[ key id = value ]`.

+defname, +nodefname

  This option, which is deprecated, is treated as a synonym for `+search`, `+nosearch`.

+dns64prefix, +nodns64prefix

  Lookup IPV4ONLY.ARPA AAAA and print any DNS64 prefixes found.

+dnssec, +do, +nodnssec, +nodo

  This option requests that DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK (DO) bit in the OPT record in the additional section of the query.

+domain=somename

  This option sets the search list to contain the single domain `somename`, as if specified in a `domain` directive in `/etc/resolv.conf`, and enables search list processing as if the `+search` option were given.

+edns[=#], +noedns

  This option specifies the EDNS version to query with. Valid values are 0 to 255. Setting the EDNS version causes an EDNS query to be sent. `+noedns` clears the remembered EDNS version. EDNS is set to 0 by default.

+ednsflags[=#], +noednsflags

  This option sets the must-be-zero EDNS flags bits (Z bits) to the specified value. Decimal, hex, and octal encodings are accepted. Setting a named flag (e.g. DO, CO) is silently ignored. By default, no Z bits are set.

+ednsnegotiation, +noednsnegotiation

  This option enables/disables EDNS version negotiation. By default, EDNS version negotiation is enabled.

+ednsopt[=code[:value]], +noednsopt

  This option specifies the EDNS option with code point `code` and an optional payload of `value` as a hexadecimal string. `code` can be either an EDNS option name (for example, `NSID` or `ECS`) or an arbitrary numeric value. `+noednsopt` clears the EDNS options to be sent.

+expire, +noexpire

  This option sends an EDNS Expire option.

+fail, +nofail

  This option indicates that `named` should try [or not try] the next server if a SERVFAIL is received. The default is to not try the next server, which is the reverse of normal stub resolver behavior.

+fuzztime[=value], +nofuzztime

  This option allows the signing time to be specified when generating signed messages. If a value is specified it is the seconds since 00:00:00 January 1, 1970 UTC ignoring leap seconds. If no value is specified 1646972129 (Fri 11 Mar 2022 04:15:29 UTC) is used. The default is `+nofuzztime` and the current time is used.

+header-only, +noheader-only

  This option sends a query with a DNS header without a question section. The default is to add a question section. The query type and query name are ignored when this is set.

+https[=value], +nohttps

  This option indicates whether to use DNS over HTTPS (DoH) when querying name servers. When this option is in use, the port number defaults to 443. The HTTP POST request mode is used when sending the query.

  If `value` is specified, it will be used as the HTTP endpoint in the query URI; the default is `/dns-query`. So, for example, `dig @example.com +https` will use the URI `https://example.com/dns-query`.

+https-get[=value], +nohttps-get

  Similar to `+https`, except that the HTTP GET request mode is used when sending the query.

+https-post[=value], +nohttps-post

  Same as `+https`.

+http-plain[=value], +nohttp-plain

  Similar to `+https`, except that HTTP queries will be sent over a non-encrypted channel. When this option is in use, the port number defaults to 80 and the HTTP request mode is POST.

+http-plain-get[=value], +nohttp-plain-get

  Similar to `+http-plain`, except that the HTTP request mode is GET.

+http-plain-post[=value], +nohttp-plain-post

  Same as `+http-plain`.

+identify, +noidentify

  This option shows [or does not show] the IP address and port number that supplied the answer, when the `+short` option is enabled. If short form answers are requested, the default is not to show the source address and port number of the server that provided the answer.

+idn, +noidn

  Enable or disable IDN processing. By default IDN is enabled for input query names, and for display when the output is a terminal.

  You can also turn off dig’s IDN processing by setting the `IDN_DISABLE` environment variable.

+ignore, +noignore

  This option ignores [or does not ignore] truncation in UDP responses instead of retrying with TCP. By default, TCP retries are performed.

+keepalive, +nokeepalive

  This option sends [or does not send] an EDNS Keepalive option.

+keepopen, +nokeepopen

  This option keeps [or does not keep] the TCP socket open between queries, and reuses it rather than creating a new TCP socket for each lookup. The default is `+nokeepopen`.

+multiline, +nomultiline

  This option prints [or does not print] records, like the SOA records, in a verbose multi-line format with human-readable comments. The default is to print each record on a single line to facilitate machine parsing of the dig output.

+ndots=D

  This option sets the number of dots (`D`) that must appear in `name` for it to be considered absolute. The default value is that defined using the `ndots` statement in `/etc/resolv.conf`, or 1 if no `ndots` statement is present. Names with fewer dots are interpreted as relative names, and are searched for in the domains listed in the `search` or `domain` directive in `/etc/resolv.conf` if `+search` is set.

+nsid, +nonsid

  When enabled, this option includes an EDNS name server ID request when sending a query.

+nssearch, +nonssearch

  When this option is set, dig attempts to find the authoritative name servers for the zone containing the name being looked up, and display the SOA record that each name server has for the zone. Addresses of servers that did not respond are also printed.

+onesoa, +noonesoa

  When enabled, this option prints only one (starting) SOA record when performing an AXFR. The default is to print both the starting and ending SOA records.

+opcode=value, +noopcode

  When enabled, this option sets (restores) the DNS message opcode to the specified value. The default value is QUERY (0).

+padding=value

  This option pads the size of the query packet using the EDNS Padding option to blocks of `value` bytes. For example, `+padding=32` causes a 48-byte query to be padded to 64 bytes. The default block size is 0, which disables padding; the maximum is 512. Values are ordinarily expected to be powers of two, such as 128; however, this is not mandatory. Responses to padded queries may also be padded, but only if the query uses TCP or DNS COOKIE.

+proxy[=src_addr[#src_port]-dst_addr[#dst_port]], +noproxy

  When this option is set, dig adds PROXYv2 headers to the queries. When source and destination addresses are specified, the headers contain them and use the `PROXY` command. It means for the remote peer that the queries were sent on behalf of another node and that the PROXYv2 header reflects the original connection endpoints. The default source port is `0` and destination port is 53.

  For encrypted DNS transports, to prevent accidental information leakage, encryption is applied to the PROXYv2 headers: the headers are sent right after the handshake process has been completed.

  For plain DNS transports, no encryption is applied to the PROXYv2 headers.

  If the addressees are omitted, PROXYv2 headers, that use the `LOCAL` command set, are added instead. For the remote peer, that means that the queries were sent on purpose without being relayed, so the real connection endpoint addresses must be used.

+proxy-plain[=src_addr[#src_port]-dst_addr[#dst_port], +noproxy-plain

  The same as `+[no]proxy`, but instructs `dig` to send PROXYv2 headers ahead of any encryption, before any handshake messages are sent. That makes dig behave exactly how it is described in the PROXY protocol specification, but not all software expects such behaviour.

  Please consult the software documentation to find out if you need this option. (for example, `dnsdist` expects encrypted PROXYv2 headers sent over TLS when encryption is used, while `HAProxy` and many other software packages expect plain ones).

  For plain DNS transports the option is effectively an alias for the `+[no]proxy` described above.

+qid=value

  This option specifies the query ID to use when sending queries.

+qr, +noqr

  This option toggles the display of the query message as it is sent. By default, the query is not printed.

+question, +noquestion

  This option toggles the display of the question section of a query when an answer is returned. The default is to print the question section as a comment.

+raflag, +noraflag

  This option sets [or does not set] the RA (Recursion Available) bit in the query. The default is `+noraflag`. This bit is ignored by the server for QUERY.

+rdflag, +nordflag

  This option is a synonym for `+recurse`, `+norecurse`.

+recurse, +norecurse

  This option toggles the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the query. This bit is set by default, which means dig normally sends recursive queries. Recursion is automatically disabled when the `+nssearch` or `+trace` query option is used.

+retry=T

  This option sets the number of times to retry UDP and TCP queries to server to `T` instead of the default, 2. Unlike `+tries`, this does not include the initial query.

+rrcomments, +norrcomments

  This option toggles the display of per-record comments in the output (for example, human-readable key information about DNSKEY records). The default is not to print record comments unless multiline mode is active.

+search, +nosearch

  This option uses [or does not use] the search list defined by the searchlist or domain directive in `resolv.conf`, if any. The search list is not used by default.

  `ndots` from `resolv.conf` (default 1), which may be overridden by `+ndots`, determines whether the name is treated as relative and hence whether a search is eventually performed.

+short, +noshort

  This option toggles whether a terse answer is provided. The default is to print the answer in a verbose form. This option always has a global effect; it cannot be set globally and then overridden on a per-lookup basis.

+showbadcookie, +noshowbadcookie

  This option toggles whether to show the message containing the BADCOOKIE rcode before retrying the request or not. The default is to not show the messages.

+showbadvers, +noshowbadvers

  This option toggles whether to show the message containing the BADVERS rcode before retrying the request or not. The default is to not show the messages.

+showsearch, +noshowsearch

  This option performs [or does not perform] a search showing intermediate results.

+split=W

  This option splits long hex- or base64-formatted fields in resource records into chunks of `W` characters (where `W` is rounded up to the nearest multiple of 4). `+nosplit` or `+split=0` causes fields not to be split at all. The default is 56 characters, or 44 characters when multiline mode is active.

+stats, +nostats

  This option toggles the printing of statistics: when the query was made, the size of the reply, etc. The default behavior is to print the query statistics as a comment after each lookup.

+subnet=addr[/prefix-length], +nosubnet

  This option sends [or does not send] an EDNS CLIENT-SUBNET option with the specified IP address or network prefix.

  `dig +subnet=0.0.0.0/0`, or simply `dig +subnet=0` for short, sends an EDNS CLIENT-SUBNET option with an empty address and a source prefix-length of zero, which signals a resolver that the client’s address information must not be used when resolving this query.

+tcflag, +notcflag

  This option sets [or does not set] the TC (TrunCation) bit in the query. The default is `+notcflag`. This bit is ignored by the server for QUERY.

+tcp, +notcp

  This option indicates whether to use TCP when querying name servers. The default behavior is to use UDP unless a type `any` or `ixfr=N` query is requested, in which case the default is TCP. AXFR queries always use TCP. To prevent retry over TCP when TC=1 is returned from a UDP query, use `+ignore`.

+timeout=T

  This option sets the timeout for a query to `T` seconds. The default timeout is 5 seconds. An attempt to set `T` to less than 1 is silently set to 1.

+tls, +notls

  This option indicates whether to use DNS over TLS (DoT) when querying name servers. When this option is in use, the port number defaults to 853.

+tls-ca[=file-name], +notls-ca

  This option enables remote server TLS certificate validation for DNS transports, relying on TLS. Certificate authorities certificates are loaded from the specified PEM file (`file-name`). If the file is not specified, the default certificates from the global certificates store are used.

+tls-certfile=file-name, +tls-keyfile=file-name, +notls-certfile, +notls-keyfile

  These options set the state of certificate-based client authentication for DNS transports, relying on TLS. Both certificate chain file and private key file are expected to be in PEM format. Both options must be specified at the same time.

+tls-hostname=hostname, +notls-hostname

  This option makes dig use the provided hostname during remote server TLS certificate verification. Otherwise, the DNS server name is used. This option has no effect if `+tls-ca` is not specified.

+trace, +notrace

  This option toggles tracing of the delegation path from the root name servers for the name being looked up. Tracing is disabled by default. When tracing is enabled, dig makes iterative queries to resolve the name being looked up. It follows referrals from the root servers, showing the answer from each server that was used to resolve the lookup.

  If `@server` is also specified, it affects only the initial query for the root zone name servers.

  `+dnssec` is set when `+trace` is set, to better emulate the default queries from a name server.

  Note that the `delv +ns` option can also be used for tracing the resolution of a name from the root (see `delv`).

+tries=T

  This option sets the number of times to try UDP and TCP queries to server to `T` instead of the default, 3. If `T` is less than or equal to zero, the number of tries is silently rounded up to 1.

+ttlid, +nottlid

  This option displays [or does not display] the TTL when printing the record.

+ttlunits, +nottlunits

  This option displays [or does not display] the TTL in friendly human-readable time units of `s`, `m`, `h`, `d`, and `w`, representing seconds, minutes, hours, days, and weeks. This implies `+ttlid`.

+unknownformat, +nounknownformat

  This option prints all RDATA in unknown RR type presentation format (RFC 3597). The default is to print RDATA for known types in the type’s presentation format.

+vc, +novc

  This option uses [or does not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate syntax to `+tcp` is provided for backwards compatibility. The `vc` stands for “virtual circuit.”

+yaml, +noyaml

  When enabled, this option prints the responses (and, if `+qr` is in use, also the outgoing queries) in a detailed YAML format.

+zflag, +nozflag

  This option sets [or does not set] the last unassigned DNS header flag in a DNS query. This flag is off by default.

### Multiple Queries

The BIND 9 implementation of dig supports specifying multiple queries on the command line (in addition to supporting the `-f` batch file option). Each of those queries can be supplied with its own set of flags, options, and query options.

In this case, each `query` argument represents an individual query in the command-line syntax described above. Each consists of any of the standard options and flags, the name to be looked up, an optional query type and class, and any query options that should be applied to that query.

A global set of query options, which should be applied to all queries, can also be supplied. These global query options must precede the first tuple of name, class, type, options, flags, and query options supplied on the command line. Any global query options (except `+cmd` and `+short` options) can be overridden by a query-specific set of query options. For example:

    dig +qr www.isc.org any -x 127.0.0.1 isc.org ns +noqr

shows how dig can be used from the command line to make three lookups: an ANY query for `www.isc.org`, a reverse lookup of 127.0.0.1, and a query for the NS records of `isc.org`. A global query option of `+qr` is applied, so that dig shows the initial query it made for each lookup. The final query has a local query option of `+noqr` which means that dig does not print the initial query when it looks up the NS records for `isc.org`.

### Return Codes

dig return codes are:

`0`

  DNS response received, including NXDOMAIN status

`1`

  Usage error

`8`

  Couldn’t open batch file

`9`

  No reply from server

`10`

  Internal error

### Files

`/etc/resolv.conf`

`${HOME}/.digrc`

### See Also

`delv(1)`, `host(1)`, `named(8)`, `dnssec-keygen(8)`, RFC 1035.

### Bugs

There are probably too many query options.

## dnssec-cds - change DS records for a child zone based on CDS/CDNSKEY

### Synopsis

dnssec-cds [-a alg…] [-c class] [-D] {-d dsset-file} {-f child-file} [-i**[extension]] [-s** start-time] [-T ttl] [-u] [-v level] [-V] {domain}

### Description

The dnssec-cds command changes DS records at a delegation point based on CDS or CDNSKEY records published in the child zone. If both CDS and CDNSKEY records are present in the child zone, the CDS is preferred. This enables a child zone to inform its parent of upcoming changes to its key-signing keys (KSKs); by polling periodically with dnssec-cds, the parent can keep the DS records up-to-date and enable automatic rolling of KSKs.

Two input files are required. The `-f child-file` option specifies a file containing the child’s CDS and/or CDNSKEY records, plus RRSIG and DNSKEY records so that they can be authenticated. The `-d path` option specifies the location of a file containing the current DS records. For example, this could be a `dsset-` file generated by `dnssec-signzone`, or the output of `dnssec-dsfromkey`, or the output of a previous run of dnssec-cds.

The dnssec-cds command uses special DNSSEC validation logic specified by RFC 7344. It requires that the CDS and/or CDNSKEY records be validly signed by a key represented in the existing DS records. This is typically the pre-existing KSK.

For protection against replay attacks, the signatures on the child records must not be older than they were on a previous run of dnssec-cds. Their age is obtained from the modification time of the `dsset-` file, or from the `-s` option.

To protect against breaking the delegation, dnssec-cds ensures that the DNSKEY RRset can be verified by every key algorithm in the new DS RRset, and that the same set of keys are covered by every DS digest type.

By default, replacement DS records are written to the standard output; with the `-i` option the input file is overwritten in place. The replacement DS records are the same as the existing records, when no change is required. The output can be empty if the CDS/CDNSKEY records specify that the child zone wants to be insecure.

Warning

Be careful not to delete the DS records when dnssec-cds fails!

Alternatively, :option`dnssec-cds -u` writes an `nsupdate` script to the standard output. The `-u` and `-i` options can be used together to maintain a `dsset-` file as well as emit an `nsupdate` script.

### Options

-a algorithm

  When converting CDS records to DS records, this option specifies the acceptable digest algorithms. This option can be repeated, so that multiple digest types are allowed. If none of the CDS records use an acceptable digest type, dnssec-cds will try to use CDNSKEY records instead; if there are no CDNSKEY records, it reports an error.

  When converting CDNSKEY records to DS records, this option specifies the digest algorithm to use. It can be repeated, so that multiple DS records are created for each CDNSKEY records.

  The algorithm must be one of SHA-1, SHA-256, or SHA-384. These values are case-insensitive, and the hyphen may be omitted. If no algorithm is specified, the default is SHA-256 only.

-c class

  This option specifies the DNS class of the zones.

-D

  This option generates DS records from CDNSKEY records if both CDS and CDNSKEY records are present in the child zone. By default CDS records are preferred.

-d path

  This specifies the location of the parent DS records. The path can be the name of a file containing the DS records; if it is a directory, dnssec-cds looks for a `dsset-` file for the domain inside the directory.

  To protect against replay attacks, child records are rejected if they were signed earlier than the modification time of the `dsset-` file. This can be adjusted with the `-s` option.

-f child-file

  This option specifies the file containing the child’s CDS and/or CDNSKEY records, plus its DNSKEY records and the covering RRSIG records, so that they can be authenticated.

  The examples below describe how to generate this file.

-i extension

  This option updates the `dsset-` file in place, instead of writing DS records to the standard output.

  There must be no space between the `-i` and the extension. If no extension is provided, the old `dsset-` is discarded. If an extension is present, a backup of the old `dsset-` file is kept with the extension appended to its filename.

  To protect against replay attacks, the modification time of the `dsset-` file is set to match the signature inception time of the child records, provided that it is later than the file’s current modification time.

-s start-time

  This option specifies the date and time after which RRSIG records become acceptable. This can be either an absolute or a relative time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20170827133700 denotes 13:37:00 UTC on August 27th, 2017. A time relative to the `dsset-` file is indicated with `-N`, which is N seconds before the file modification time. A time relative to the current time is indicated with `now+N`.

  If no start-time is specified, the modification time of the `dsset-` file is used.

-T ttl

  This option specifies a TTL to be used for new DS records. If not specified, the default is the TTL of the old DS records. If they had no explicit TTL, the new DS records also have no explicit TTL.

-u

  This option writes an `nsupdate` script to the standard output, instead of printing the new DS reords. The output is empty if no change is needed.

  Note: The TTL of new records needs to be specified: it can be done in the original `dsset-` file, with the `-T` option, or using the `nsupdate` `ttl` command.

-V

  This option prints version information.

-v level

  This option sets the debugging level. Level 1 is intended to be usefully verbose for general users; higher levels are intended for developers.

`domain`

  This indicates the name of the delegation point/child zone apex.

### Exit Status

The dnssec-cds command exits 0 on success, or non-zero if an error occurred.

If successful, the DS records may or may not need to be changed.

### Examples

Before running `dnssec-signzone`, ensure that the delegations are up-to-date by running dnssec-cds on every `dsset-` file.

To fetch the child records required by dnssec-cds, invoke `dig` as in the script below. It is acceptable if the `dig` fails, since dnssec-cds performs all the necessary checking.

    for f in dsset-*
    do
        d=${f#dsset-}
        dig +dnssec +noall +answer $d DNSKEY $d CDNSKEY $d CDS |
        dnssec-cds -i -f /dev/stdin -d $f $d
    done

When the parent zone is automatically signed by `named`, dnssec-cds can be used with `nsupdate` to maintain a delegation as follows. The `dsset-` file allows the script to avoid having to fetch and validate the parent DS records, and it maintains the replay attack protection time.

    dig +dnssec +noall +answer $d DNSKEY $d CDNSKEY $d CDS |
    dnssec-cds -u -i -f /dev/stdin -d $f $d |
    nsupdate -l

### See Also

`dig(1)`, `dnssec-settime(8)`, `dnssec-signzone(8)`, `nsupdate(1)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 7344.

## dnssec-dsfromkey - DNSSEC DS RR generation tool

### Synopsis

dnssec-dsfromkey [ -1 | -2 | -a alg ] [ -C ] [-T TTL] [-v level] [-K directory] {keyfile}

dnssec-dsfromkey [ -1 | -2 | -a alg ] [ -C ] [-T TTL] [-v level] [-c class] [-A] {-f file} [dnsname]

dnssec-dsfromkey [ -1 | -2 | -a alg ] [ -C ] [-T TTL] [-v level] [-c class] [-K directory] {-s} {dnsname}

dnssec-dsfromkey [ -h | -V ]

### Description

The dnssec-dsfromkey command outputs DS (Delegation Signer) resource records (RRs), or CDS (Child DS) RRs with the `-C` option.

By default, only KSKs are converted (keys with flags = 257). The `-A` option includes ZSKs (flags = 256). Revoked keys are never included.

The input keys can be specified in a number of ways:

By default, dnssec-dsfromkey reads a key file named in the format `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key`, as generated by `dnssec-keygen`.

With the `-f file` option, dnssec-dsfromkey reads keys from a zone file or partial zone file (which can contain just the DNSKEY records).

With the `-s` option, dnssec-dsfromkey reads a `keyset-` file, as generated by `dnssec-keygen` `-C`.

### Options

-1

  This option is an abbreviation for `-a SHA1`.

-2

  This option is an abbreviation for `-a SHA-256`.

-a algorithm

  This option specifies a digest algorithm to use when converting DNSKEY records to DS records. This option can be repeated, so that multiple DS records are created for each DNSKEY record.

  The algorithm must be one of SHA-1, SHA-256, or SHA-384. These values are case-insensitive, and the hyphen may be omitted. If no algorithm is specified, the default is SHA-256.

-A

  This option indicates that ZSKs are to be included when generating DS records. Without this option, only keys which have the KSK flag set are converted to DS records and printed. This option is only useful in `-f` zone file mode.

-c class

  This option specifies the DNS class; the default is IN. This option is only useful in `-s` keyset or `-f` zone file mode.

-C

  This option generates CDS records rather than DS records.

-f file

  This option sets zone file mode, in which the final dnsname argument of dnssec-dsfromkey is the DNS domain name of a zone whose master file can be read from `file`. If the zone name is the same as `file`, then it may be omitted.

  If `file` is `-`, then the zone data is read from the standard input. This makes it possible to use the output of the `dig` command as input, as in:

  `dig dnskey example.com | dnssec-dsfromkey -f - example.com`

-h

  This option prints usage information.

-K directory

  This option tells BIND 9 to look for key files or `keyset-` files in `directory`.

-s

  This option enables keyset mode, in which the final dnsname argument from dnssec-dsfromkey is the DNS domain name used to locate a `keyset-` file.

-T TTL

  This option specifies the TTL of the DS records. By default the TTL is omitted.

-v level

  This option sets the debugging level.

-V

  This option prints version information.

### Example

To build the SHA-256 DS RR from the `Kexample.com.+003+26160` keyfile, issue the following command:

`dnssec-dsfromkey -2 Kexample.com.+003+26160`

The command returns something similar to:

`example.com. IN DS 26160 5 2 3A1EADA7A74B8D0BA86726B0C227AA85AB8BBD2B2004F41A868A54F0C5EA0B94`

### Files

The keyfile can be designated by the key identification `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii` or the full file name `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key`, as generated by `dnssec-keygen`.

The keyset file name is built from the `directory`, the string `keyset-`, and the `dnsname`.

### Caveat

A keyfile error may return “file not found,” even if the file exists.

### See Also

`dnssec-keygen(8)`, `dnssec-signzone(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 3658 (DS RRs), RFC 4509 (SHA-256 for DS RRs), RFC 6605 (SHA-384 for DS RRs), RFC 7344 (CDS and CDNSKEY RRs).

## dnssec-importkey - import DNSKEY records from external systems so they can be managed

### Synopsis

dnssec-importkey [-K directory] [-L ttl] [-P date/offset] [-P sync date/offset] [-D date/offset] [-D sync date/offset] [-h] [-v level] [-V] {keyfile}

dnssec-importkey {-f filename} [-K directory] [-L ttl] [-P date/offset] [-P sync date/offset] [-D date/offset] [-D sync date/offset] [-h] [-v level] [-V] [dnsname]

### Description

dnssec-importkey reads a public DNSKEY record and generates a pair of .key/.private files. The DNSKEY record may be read from an existing .key file, in which case a corresponding .private file is generated, or it may be read from any other file or from the standard input, in which case both .key and .private files are generated.

The newly created .private file does not contain private key data, and cannot be used for signing. However, having a .private file makes it possible to set publication (`-P`) and deletion (`-D`) times for the key, which means the public key can be added to and removed from the DNSKEY RRset on schedule even if the true private key is stored offline.

### Options

-f filename

  This option indicates the zone file mode. Instead of a public keyfile name, the argument is the DNS domain name of a zone master file, which can be read from `filename`. If the domain name is the same as `filename`, then it may be omitted.

  If `filename` is set to `"-"`, then the zone data is read from the standard input.

-K directory

  This option sets the directory in which the key files are to reside.

-L ttl

  This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone, unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in place, in which case the existing TTL takes precedence. Setting the default TTL to `0` or `none` removes it from the key.

-h

  This option emits a usage message and exits.

-v level

  This option sets the debugging level.

-V

  This option prints version information.

### Timing Options

Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS. (which is the format used inside key files), or ‘Day Mon DD HH:MM:SS YYYY’ (as printed by `dnssec-settime -p`), or UNIX epoch time (as printed by `dnssec-settime -up`), or the literal `now`.

The argument can be followed by `+` or `-` and an offset from the given time. The literal `now` can be omitted before an offset. The offset can be followed by one of the suffixes `y`, `mo`, `w`, `d`, `h`, or `mi`, so that it is computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days, ignoring leap years), months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks, days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the offset is computed in seconds.

To explicitly prevent a date from being set, use `none`, `never`, or `unset`.

All these formats are case-insensitive.

-P date/offset

  This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used to sign it.

  sync date/offset

    This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key are to be published to the zone.

-D date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key repository.)

  sync date/offset

    This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key are to be deleted.

### Files

A keyfile can be designed by the key identification `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii` or the full file name `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key`, as generated by `dnssec-keygen`.

### See Also

`dnssec-keygen(8)`, `dnssec-signzone(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 5011.

## dnssec-keyfromlabel - DNSSEC key generation tool

### Synopsis

dnssec-keyfromlabel {-l label} [-3] [-a algorithm] [-A date/offset] [-c class] [-D date/offset] [-D sync date/offset] [-E engine] [-f flag] [-G] [-I date/offset] [-i interval] [-k] [-K directory] [-L ttl] [-M tag_min:tag_max] [-n nametype] [-P date/offset] [-P sync date/offset] [-p protocol] [-R date/offset] [-S key] [-t type] [-v level] [-V] [-y] {name}

### Description

dnssec-keyfromlabel generates a pair of key files that reference a key object stored in a cryptographic hardware service module (HSM). The private key file can be used for DNSSEC signing of zone data as if it were a conventional signing key created by `dnssec-keygen`, but the key material is stored within the HSM and the actual signing takes place there.

The `name` of the key is specified on the command line. This must match the name of the zone for which the key is being generated.

### Options

-a algorithm

  This option selects the cryptographic algorithm. The value of `algorithm` must be one of RSASHA1, NSEC3RSASHA1, RSASHA256, RSASHA512, ECDSAP256SHA256, ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, or ED448.

  These values are case-insensitive. In some cases, abbreviations are supported, such as ECDSA256 for ECDSAP256SHA256 and ECDSA384 for ECDSAP384SHA384. If RSASHA1 is specified along with the `-3` option, then NSEC3RSASHA1 is used instead.

  This option is mandatory except when using the `-S` option, which copies the algorithm from the predecessory key.

  Changed in version 9.12.0: The default value RSASHA1 for newly generated keys was removed.

-3

  This option uses an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key. If this option is used with an algorithm that has both NSEC and NSEC3 versions, then the NSEC3 version is used; for example, `dnssec-keygen -3a RSASHA1` specifies the NSEC3RSASHA1 algorithm.

-E engine

  This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use.

  When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module (usually `pkcs11`).

-l label

  This option specifies the label for a key pair in the crypto hardware.

  When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL-based PKCS#11 support, the label is an arbitrary string that identifies a particular key. It may be preceded by an optional OpenSSL engine name, followed by a colon, as in `pkcs11:keylabel`.

-n nametype

  This option specifies the owner type of the key. The value of `nametype` must either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY (for a key associated with a host (KEY)), USER (for a key associated with a user (KEY)), or OTHER (DNSKEY). These values are case-insensitive.

-C

  This option enables compatibility mode, which generates an old-style key, without any metadata. By default, dnssec-keyfromlabel includes the key’s creation date in the metadata stored with the private key; other dates may be set there as well, including publication date, activation date, etc. Keys that include this data may be incompatible with older versions of BIND; the `-C` option suppresses them.

-c class

  This option indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have the specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.

-f flag

  This option sets the specified flag in the `flag` field of the KEY/DNSKEY record. The only recognized flags are KSK (Key-Signing Key) and REVOKE.

-G

  This option generates a key, but does not publish it or sign with it. This option is incompatible with `-P` and `-A`.

-h

  This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to dnssec-keyfromlabel.

-K directory

  This option sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.

-k

  This option generates KEY records rather than DNSKEY records.

-L ttl

  This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone, unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in place, in which case the existing TTL would take precedence. Setting the default TTL to `0` or `none` removes it.

-M tag_min:tag_max

  This option sets the range of key tag values that `dnssec-keyfromlabel` will accept. If the key tag of the new key or the key tag of the revoked version of the new key is outside this range, the new key will be rejected. This is designed to be used when generating keys in a multi-signer scenario, where each operator is given a range of key tags to prevent collisions among different operators. The valid values for `tag_min` and `tag_max` are [0..65535]. The default allows all key tag values to be accepted.

-p protocol

  This option sets the protocol value for the key. The protocol is a number between 0 and 255. The default is 3 (DNSSEC). Other possible values for this argument are listed in RFC 2535 and its successors.

-S key

  This option generates a key as an explicit successor to an existing key. The name, algorithm, size, and type of the key are set to match the predecessor. The activation date of the new key is set to the inactivation date of the existing one. The publication date is set to the activation date minus the prepublication interval, which defaults to 30 days.

-t type

  This option indicates the type of the key. `type` must be one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate data, and CONF to the ability to encrypt data.

-v level

  This option sets the debugging level.

-V

  This option prints version information.

-y

  This option allows DNSSEC key files to be generated even if the key ID would collide with that of an existing key, in the event of either key being revoked. (This is only safe to enable if RFC 5011 trust anchor maintenance is not used with either of the keys involved.)

### Timing Options

Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS (which is the format used inside key files), or ‘Day Mon DD HH:MM:SS YYYY’ (as printed by `dnssec-settime -p`), or UNIX epoch time (as printed by `dnssec-settime -up`), or the literal `now`.

The argument can be followed by `+` or `-` and an offset from the given time. The literal `now` can be omitted before an offset. The offset can be followed by one of the suffixes `y`, `mo`, `w`, `d`, `h`, or `mi`, so that it is computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days, ignoring leap years), months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks, days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the offset is computed in seconds.

To explicitly prevent a date from being set, use `none`, `never`, or `unset`.

All these formats are case-insensitive.

-P date/offset

  This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used to sign it. If not set, and if the `-G` option has not been used, the default is the current date.

  sync date/offset

    This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key are to be published to the zone.

-A date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date, the key is included in the zone and used to sign it. If not set, and if the `-G` option has not been used, the default is the current date.

-R date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the key is flagged as revoked. It is included in the zone and is used to sign it.

-I date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the key is still included in the zone, but it is not used to sign it.

-D date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key repository.)

  sync date/offset

    This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key are to be deleted.

-i interval

  This option sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication date is not, the publication date defaults to this much time before the activation date; conversely, if the publication date is specified but not the activation date, activation is set to this much time after publication.

  If the key is being created as an explicit successor to another key, then the default prepublication interval is 30 days; otherwise it is zero.

  As with date offsets, if the argument is followed by one of the suffixes `y`, `mo`, `w`, `d`, `h`, or `mi`, the interval is measured in years, months, weeks, days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the interval is measured in seconds.

### Generated Key Files

When dnssec-keyfromlabel completes successfully, it prints a string of the form `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii` to the standard output. This is an identification string for the key files it has generated.

- `nnnn` is the key name.

- `aaa` is the numeric representation of the algorithm.

- `iiiii` is the key identifier (or footprint).

dnssec-keyfromlabel creates two files, with names based on the printed string. `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key` contains the public key, and `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private` contains the private key.

The `.key` file contains a DNS KEY record that can be inserted into a zone file (directly or with an $INCLUDE statement).

The `.private` file contains algorithm-specific fields. For obvious security reasons, this file does not have general read permission.

### See Also

`dnssec-keygen(8)`, `dnssec-signzone(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 4034, RFC 7512.

## dnssec-keygen: DNSSEC key generation tool

### Synopsis

dnssec-keygen [-3] [-A date/offset] [-a algorithm] [-b keysize] [-C] [-c class] [-D date/offset] [-d bits] [-D sync date/offset] [-E engine] [-f flag] [-F] [-G] [-h] [-I date/offset] [-i interval] [-K directory] [-k policy] [-L ttl] [-l file] [-n nametype] [-M tag_min:tag_max] [-P date/offset] [-P sync date/offset] [-p protocol] [-q] [-R date/offset] [-S key] [-s strength] [-T rrtype] [-t type] [-V] [-v level] {name}

### Description

dnssec-keygen generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in RFC 2535 and RFC 4034.

The `name` of the key is specified on the command line. For DNSSEC keys, this must match the name of the zone for which the key is being generated.

### Options

-3

  This option uses an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key. If this option is used with an algorithm that has both NSEC and NSEC3 versions, then the NSEC3 version is selected; for example, `dnssec-keygen -3 -a RSASHA1` specifies the NSEC3RSASHA1 algorithm.

-a algorithm

  This option selects the cryptographic algorithm. For DNSSEC keys, the value of `algorithm` must be one of RSASHA1, NSEC3RSASHA1, RSASHA256, RSASHA512, ECDSAP256SHA256, ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, or ED448.

  These values are case-insensitive. In some cases, abbreviations are supported, such as ECDSA256 for ECDSAP256SHA256 and ECDSA384 for ECDSAP384SHA384. If RSASHA1 is specified along with the `-3` option, NSEC3RSASHA1 is used instead.

  This parameter must be specified except when using the `-S` option, which copies the algorithm from the predecessor key.

  In prior releases, HMAC algorithms could be generated for use as TSIG keys, but that feature was removed in BIND 9.13.0. Use `tsig-keygen` to generate TSIG keys.

-b keysize

  This option specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key size depends on the algorithm used: RSA keys must be between 1024 and 4096 bits; Diffie-Hellman keys must be between 128 and 4096 bits. Elliptic curve algorithms do not need this parameter.

  If the key size is not specified, some algorithms have pre-defined defaults. For example, RSA keys for use as DNSSEC zone-signing keys have a default size of 1024 bits; RSA keys for use as key-signing keys (KSKs, generated with `-f KSK`) default to 2048 bits.

-C

  This option enables compatibility mode, which generates an old-style key, without any timing metadata. By default, dnssec-keygen includes the key’s creation date in the metadata stored with the private key; other dates may be set there as well, including publication date, activation date, etc. Keys that include this data may be incompatible with older versions of BIND; the `-C` option suppresses them.

-c class

  This option indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have the specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.

-d bits

  This option specifies the key size in bits. For the algorithms RSASHA1, NSEC3RSASA1, RSASHA256, and RSASHA512 the key size must be between 1024 and 4096 bits; DH size is between 128 and 4096 bits. This option is ignored for algorithms ECDSAP256SHA256, ECDSAP384SHA384, ED25519, and ED448.

-E engine

  This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.

  When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module (usually `pkcs11`).

-f flag

  This option sets the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record. The only recognized flags are ZSK (Zone-Signing Key), KSK (Key-Signing Key) and REVOKE.

  Note that ZSK is not a physical flag in the DNSKEY record, it is merely used to explicitly tell that you want to create a ZSK. Setting `-f` in conjunction with `-k` will result in generating keys that only match the given role set with this option.

-F

  This options turns on FIPS (US Federal Information Processing Standards) mode if the underlying crytographic library supports running in FIPS mode.

-G

  This option generates a key, but does not publish it or sign with it. This option is incompatible with `-P` and `-A`.

-h

  This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to dnssec-keygen.

-K directory

  This option sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.

-k policy

  This option creates keys for a specific `dnssec-policy`. If a policy uses multiple keys, dnssec-keygen generates multiple keys. This also creates a “.state” file to keep track of the key state.

  This option creates keys according to the `dnssec-policy` configuration, hence it cannot be used at the same time as many of the other options that dnssec-keygen provides.

-L ttl

  This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone, unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in place, in which case the existing TTL takes precedence. If this value is not set and there is no existing DNSKEY RRset, the TTL defaults to the SOA TTL. Setting the default TTL to `0` or `none` is the same as leaving it unset.

-l file

  This option provides a configuration file that contains a `dnssec-policy` statement (matching the policy set with `-k`).

-M tag_min:tag_max

  This option sets the range of acceptable key tag values that `dnssec-keygen` will produce. If the key tag of the new key or the key tag of the revoked version of the new key is outside this range, the new key will be rejected and another new key will be generated. This is designed to be used when generating keys in a multi-signer scenario, where each operator is given a range of key tags to prevent collisions among different operators. The valid values for `tag_min` and `tag_max` are [0..65535]. The default allows all key tag values to be produced. This option is ignored when `-k policy` is specified.

-n nametype

  This option specifies the owner type of the key. The value of `nametype` must either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY (for a key associated with a host (KEY)), USER (for a key associated with a user (KEY)), or OTHER (DNSKEY). These values are case-insensitive. The default is ZONE for DNSKEY generation.

-p protocol

  This option sets the protocol value for the generated key, for use with `-T KEY`. The protocol is a number between 0 and 255. The default is 3 (DNSSEC). Other possible values for this argument are listed in RFC 2535 and its successors.

-q

  This option sets quiet mode, which suppresses unnecessary output, including progress indication. Without this option, when dnssec-keygen is run interactively to generate an RSA or DSA key pair, it prints a string of symbols to `stderr` indicating the progress of the key generation. A `.` indicates that a random number has been found which passed an initial sieve test; `+` means a number has passed a single round of the Miller-Rabin primality test; and a space ( ) means that the number has passed all the tests and is a satisfactory key.

-S key

  This option creates a new key which is an explicit successor to an existing key. The name, algorithm, size, and type of the key are set to match the existing key. The activation date of the new key is set to the inactivation date of the existing one. The publication date is set to the activation date minus the prepublication interval, which defaults to 30 days.

-s strength

  This option specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is a number between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined purpose in DNSSEC.

-T rrtype

  This option specifies the resource record type to use for the key. `rrtype` must be either DNSKEY or KEY. The default is DNSKEY when using a DNSSEC algorithm, but it can be overridden to KEY for use with SIG(0).

-t type

  This option indicates the type of the key for use with `-T KEY`. `type` must be one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate data, and CONF to the ability to encrypt data.

-V

  This option prints version information.

-v level

  This option sets the debugging level.

### Timing Options

Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS (which is the format used inside key files), or ‘Day Mon DD HH:MM:SS YYYY’ (as printed by `dnssec-settime -p`), or UNIX epoch time (as printed by `dnssec-settime -up`), or the literal `now`.

The argument can be followed by `+` or `-` and an offset from the given time. The literal `now` can be omitted before an offset. The offset can be followed by one of the suffixes `y`, `mo`, `w`, `d`, `h`, or `mi`, so that it is computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days, ignoring leap years), months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks, days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the offset is computed in seconds.

To unset a date, use `none`, `never`, or `unset`.

-P date/offset

  This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used to sign it. If not set, and if the `-G` option has not been used, the default is the current date.

  sync date/offset

    This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key are to be published to the zone.

-A date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date, the key is included in the zone and used to sign it. If not set, and if the `-G` option has not been used, the default is the current date. If set, and `-P` is not set, the publication date is set to the activation date minus the prepublication interval.

-R date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the key is flagged as revoked. It is included in the zone and is used to sign it.

-I date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the key is still included in the zone, but it is not used to sign it.

-D date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key repository.)

  sync date/offset

    This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key are to be deleted.

-i interval

  This option sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication date is not, the publication date defaults to this much time before the activation date; conversely, if the publication date is specified but not the activation date, activation is set to this much time after publication.

  If the key is being created as an explicit successor to another key, then the default prepublication interval is 30 days; otherwise it is zero.

  As with date offsets, if the argument is followed by one of the suffixes `y`, `mo`, `w`, `d`, `h`, or `mi`, the interval is measured in years, months, weeks, days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the interval is measured in seconds.

### Generated Keys

When dnssec-keygen completes successfully, it prints a string of the form `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii` to the standard output. This is an identification string for the key it has generated.

- `nnnn` is the key name.

- `aaa` is the numeric representation of the algorithm.

- `iiiii` is the key identifier (or footprint).

dnssec-keygen creates two files, with names based on the printed string. `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key` contains the public key, and `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private` contains the private key.

The `.key` file contains a DNSKEY or KEY record. When a zone is being signed by `named` or `dnssec-signzone -S`, DNSKEY records are included automatically. In other cases, the `.key` file can be inserted into a zone file manually or with an `$INCLUDE` statement.

The `.private` file contains algorithm-specific fields. For obvious security reasons, this file does not have general read permission.

### Example

To generate an ECDSAP256SHA256 zone-signing key for the zone `example.com`, issue the command:

`dnssec-keygen -a ECDSAP256SHA256 example.com`

The command prints a string of the form:

`Kexample.com.+013+26160`

In this example, dnssec-keygen creates the files `Kexample.com.+013+26160.key` and `Kexample.com.+013+26160.private`.

To generate a matching key-signing key, issue the command:

`dnssec-keygen -a ECDSAP256SHA256 -f KSK example.com`

### See Also

`dnssec-signzone(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 2539, RFC 2845, RFC 4034.

## dnssec-ksr - Create signed key response (SKR) files for offline KSK setups

### Synopsis

dnssec-ksr [-E engine] [-e date/offset] [-F] [-f file] [-h] [-i date/offset] [-K directory] [-k policy] [-l file] [-o] [-V] [-v level] {command} {zone}

### Description

The dnssec-ksr can be used to issue several commands that are needed to generate presigned RRsets for a zone where the private key file of the Key Signing Key (KSK) is typically offline. This requires Zone Signing Keys (ZSKs) to be pregenerated, and the DNSKEY, CDNSKEY, and CDS RRsets to be already signed in advance.

The latter is done by creating Key Signing Requests (KSRs) that can be imported to the environment where the KSK is available. Once there, this program can create Signed Key Responses (SKRs) that can be loaded by an authoritative DNS server.

### Options

-E engine

  This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.

  When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module (usually `pkcs11`).

-e date/offset

  This option sets the end date for which keys or SKRs need to be generated (depending on the command).

-F

  This options turns on FIPS (US Federal Information Processing Standards) mode if the underlying crytographic library supports running in FIPS mode.

-f

  This option sets the SKR file to be signed when issuing a `sign` command.

-h

  This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to dnssec-ksr.

-i date/offset

  This option sets the start date for which keys or SKRs need to be generated (depending on the command).

-K directory

  This option sets the directory in which the key files are to be read or written (depending on the command).

-k policy

  This option sets the specific `dnssec-policy` for which keys need to be generated, or signed.

-l file

  This option provides a configuration file that contains a `dnssec-policy` statement (matching the policy set with `-k`).

-o

  Normally when pregenerating keys, ZSKs are created. When this option is set, create KSKs instead.

-V

  This option prints version information.

-v level

  This option sets the debugging level. Level 1 is intended to be usefully verbose for general users; higher levels are intended for developers.

`command`

> The KSR command to be executed. See below for the available commands.

`zone`

> The name of the zone for which the KSR command is being executed.

### Commands

keygen

  Pregenerate a number of keys, given a DNSSEC policy and an interval. The number of generated keys depends on the interval and the key lifetime.

request

  Create a Key Signing Request (KSR), given a DNSSEC policy and an interval. This will generate a file with a number of key bundles, where each bundle contains the currently published ZSKs (according to the timing metadata).

sign

  Sign a Key Signing Request (KSR), given a DNSSEC policy and an interval, creating a Signed Key Response (SKR). This will add the corresponding DNSKEY, CDS, and CDNSKEY records for the KSK that is being used for signing.

### Exit Status

The dnssec-ksr command exits 0 on success, or non-zero if an error occurred.

### Examples

When you need to generate ZSKs for the zone “example.com” for the next year, given a `dnssec-policy` named “mypolicy”:

    dnssec-ksr -i now -e +1y -k mypolicy -l named.conf keygen example.com

Creating a KSR for the same zone and period can be done with:

    dnssec-ksr -i now -e +1y -k mypolicy -l named.conf request example.com > ksr.txt

Typically you would now transfer the KSR to the system that has access to the KSK.

Signing the KSR created above can be done with:

    dnssec-ksr -i now -e +1y -k kskpolicy -l named.conf -f ksr.txt sign example.com

Make sure that the DNSSEC parameters in `kskpolicy` match those in `mypolicy`.

### See Also

`dnssec-keygen(8)`, `dnssec-signzone(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## dnssec-revoke - set the REVOKED bit on a DNSSEC key

### Synopsis

dnssec-revoke [-hr] [-v level] [-V] [-K directory] [-E engine] [-f] [-R] {keyfile}

### Description

dnssec-revoke reads a DNSSEC key file, sets the REVOKED bit on the key as defined in RFC 5011, and creates a new pair of key files containing the now-revoked key.

### Options

-h

  This option emits a usage message and exits.

-K directory

  This option sets the directory in which the key files are to reside.

-r

  This option indicates to remove the original keyset files after writing the new keyset files.

-v level

  This option sets the debugging level.

-V

  This option prints version information.

-E engine

  This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.

  When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module (usually `pkcs11`).

-f

  This option indicates a forced overwrite and causes dnssec-revoke to write the new key pair, even if a file already exists matching the algorithm and key ID of the revoked key.

-R

  This option prints the key tag of the key with the REVOKE bit set, but does not revoke the key.

### See Also

`dnssec-keygen(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 5011.

## dnssec-settime: set the key timing metadata for a DNSSEC key

### Synopsis

dnssec-settime [-f] [-K directory] [-L ttl] [-P date/offset] [-P ds date/offset] [-P sync date/offset] [-A date/offset] [-R date/offset] [-I date/offset] [-D date/offset] [-D ds date/offset] [-D sync date/offset] [-S key] [-i interval] [-h] [-V] [-v level] [-E engine] {keyfile} [-s] [-g state] [-d state date/offset] [-k state date/offset] [-r state date/offset] [-z state date/offset]

### Description

dnssec-settime reads a DNSSEC private key file and sets the key timing metadata as specified by the `-P`, `-A`, `-R`, `-I`, and `-D` options. The metadata can then be used by `dnssec-signzone` or other signing software to determine when a key is to be published, whether it should be used for signing a zone, etc.

If none of these options is set on the command line, dnssec-settime simply prints the key timing metadata already stored in the key.

When key metadata fields are changed, both files of a key pair (`Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key` and `Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private`) are regenerated.

Metadata fields are stored in the private file. A human-readable description of the metadata is also placed in comments in the key file. The private file’s permissions are always set to be inaccessible to anyone other than the owner (mode 0600).

When working with state files, it is possible to update the timing metadata in those files as well with `-s`. With this option, it is also possible to update key states with `-d` (DS), `-k` (DNSKEY), `-r` (RRSIG of KSK), or `-z` (RRSIG of ZSK). Allowed states are HIDDEN, RUMOURED, OMNIPRESENT, and UNRETENTIVE.

The goal state of the key can also be set with `-g`. This should be either HIDDEN or OMNIPRESENT, representing whether the key should be removed from the zone or published.

It is NOT RECOMMENDED to manipulate state files manually, except for testing purposes.

### Options

-f

  This option forces an update of an old-format key with no metadata fields. Without this option, dnssec-settime fails when attempting to update a legacy key. With this option, the key is recreated in the new format, but with the original key data retained. The key’s creation date is set to the present time. If no other values are specified, then the key’s publication and activation dates are also set to the present time.

-K directory

  This option sets the directory in which the key files are to reside.

-L ttl

  This option sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a DNSKEY RR. This is the TTL used when the key is imported into a zone, unless there was already a DNSKEY RRset in place, in which case the existing TTL takes precedence. If this value is not set and there is no existing DNSKEY RRset, the TTL defaults to the SOA TTL. Setting the default TTL to `0` or `none` removes it from the key.

-h

  This option emits a usage message and exits.

-V

  This option prints version information.

-v level

  This option sets the debugging level.

-E engine

  This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.

  When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module (usually `pkcs11`).

### Timing Options

Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS (which is the format used inside key files), or ‘Day Mon DD HH:MM:SS YYYY’ (as printed by `dnssec-settime -p`), or UNIX epoch time (as printed by `dnssec-settime -up`), or the literal `now`.

The argument can be followed by `+` or `-` and an offset from the given time. The literal `now` can be omitted before an offset. The offset can be followed by one of the suffixes `y`, `mo`, `w`, `d`, `h`, or `mi`, so that it is computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days, ignoring leap years), months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks, days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the offset is computed in seconds.

To unset a date, use `none`, `never`, or `unset`.

All these formats are case-insensitive.

-P date/offset

  This option sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After that date, the key is included in the zone but is not used to sign it.

  ds date/offset

    This option sets the date on which DS records that match this key have been seen in the parent zone.

  sync date/offset

    This option sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key are to be published to the zone.

-A date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date, the key is included in the zone and used to sign it.

-R date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the key is flagged as revoked. It is included in the zone and is used to sign it.

-I date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the key is still included in the zone, but it is not used to sign it.

-D date/offset

  This option sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the key is no longer included in the zone. (However, it may remain in the key repository.)

  ds date/offset

    This option sets the date on which the DS records that match this key have been seen removed from the parent zone.

  sync date/offset

    This option sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this key are to be deleted.

-S predecessor key

  This option selects a key for which the key being modified is an explicit successor. The name, algorithm, size, and type of the predecessor key must exactly match those of the key being modified. The activation date of the successor key is set to the inactivation date of the predecessor. The publication date is set to the activation date minus the prepublication interval, which defaults to 30 days.

-i interval

  This option sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the publication and activation dates must be separated by at least this much time. If the activation date is specified but the publication date is not, the publication date defaults to this much time before the activation date; conversely, if the publication date is specified but not the activation date, activation is set to this much time after publication.

  If the key is being created as an explicit successor to another key, then the default prepublication interval is 30 days; otherwise it is zero.

  As with date offsets, if the argument is followed by one of the suffixes `y`, `mo`, `w`, `d`, `h`, or `mi`, the interval is measured in years, months, weeks, days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the interval is measured in seconds.

### Key State Options

To test dnssec-policy it may be necessary to construct keys with artificial state information; these options are used by the testing framework for that purpose, but should never be used in production.

Known key states are HIDDEN, RUMOURED, OMNIPRESENT, and UNRETENTIVE.

-s

  This option indicates that when setting key timing data, the state file should also be updated.

-g state

  This option sets the goal state for this key. Must be HIDDEN or OMNIPRESENT.

-d state date/offset

  This option sets the DS state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.

-k state date/offset

  This option sets the DNSKEY state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.

-r state date/offset

  This option sets the RRSIG (KSK) state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.

-z state date/offset

  This option sets the RRSIG (ZSK) state for this key as of the specified date, offset from the current date.

### Printing Options

dnssec-settime can also be used to print the timing metadata associated with a key.

-u

  This option indicates that times should be printed in Unix epoch format.

-p C/P/Pds/Psync/A/R/I/D/Dds/Dsync/all

  This option prints a specific metadata value or set of metadata values. The `-p` option may be followed by one or more of the following letters or strings to indicate which value or values to print: `C` for the creation date, `P` for the publication date, `Pds` for the DS publication date, ``Psync` for the CDS and CDNSKEY publication date, `A` for the activation date, `R` for the revocation date, `I` for the inactivation date, `D` for the deletion date, `Dds` for the DS deletion date, and `Dsync` for the CDS and CDNSKEY deletion date. To print all of the metadata, use `all`.

### See Also

`dnssec-keygen(8)`, `dnssec-signzone(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 5011.

## dnssec-signzone - DNSSEC zone signing tool

### Synopsis

dnssec-signzone [-a] [-c class] [-d directory] [-D] [-E engine] [-e end-time] [-f output-file] [-F] [-g] [-G sync-records] [-h] [-i interval] [-I input-format] [-j jitter] [-J filename] [-K directory] [-k key] [-L serial] [-M maxttl] [-N soa-serial-format] [-o origin] [-O output-format] [-P] [-Q] [-q] [-R] [-S] [-s start-time] [-T ttl] [-t] [-u] [-v level] [-V] [-X extended end-time] [-x] [-z] [-3 salt] [-H iterations] [-A] {zonefile} [key…]

### Description

dnssec-signzone signs a zone; it generates NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone (that is, whether the child zones are secure) is determined by the presence or absence of a `keyset` file for each child zone.

### Options

-a

  This option verifies all generated signatures.

-c class

  This option specifies the DNS class of the zone.

-C

  This option sets compatibility mode, in which a `keyset-zonename` file is generated in addition to `dsset-zonename` when signing a zone, for use by older versions of dnssec-signzone.

-d directory

  This option indicates the directory where BIND 9 should look for `dsset-` or `keyset-` files.

-D

  This option indicates that only those record types automatically managed by dnssec-signzone, i.e., RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records, should be included in the output. If smart signing (`-S`) is used, DNSKEY records are also included. The resulting file can be included in the original zone file with `$INCLUDE`. This option cannot be combined with `-O raw` or serial-number updating.

-E engine

  This option specifies the hardware to use for cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used for signing, when applicable.

  When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module (usually `pkcs11`).

-F

  This options turns on FIPS (US Federal Information Processing Standards) mode if the underlying crytographic library supports running in FIPS mode.

-g

  This option indicates that DS records for child zones should be generated from a `dsset-` or `keyset-` file. Existing DS records are removed.

-G sync-records

  This option indicates which CDS and CDNSKEY records should be generated. `sync-records` is a comma-separated string with the following allowed items: `cdnskey`, and `cds:<digest-type>`, where `digest-type` is an allowed algorithm such as SHA-256 (2), or SHA-384 (4). Only works in combination with smart signing (`-S`).

-J filename

  This option tells dnssec-signzone to read the journal from the given file when loading the zone file.

-K directory

  This option specifies the directory to search for DNSSEC keys. If not specified, it defaults to the current directory.

-k key

  This option tells BIND 9 to treat the specified key as a key-signing key, ignoring any key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.

-M maxttl

  This option sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone. Any TTL higher than `maxttl` in the input zone is reduced to `maxttl` in the output. This provides certainty as to the largest possible TTL in the signed zone, which is useful to know when rolling keys. The maxttl is the longest possible time before signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers expire from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this option should be configured to use a matching `max-zone-ttl` in `named.conf`. (Note: This option is incompatible with `-D`, because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)

-s start-time

  This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is indicated by `+N`, which is N seconds from the current time. If no `start-time` is specified, the current time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.

-e end-time

  This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records expire. As with `start-time`, an absolute time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative to the start time is indicated with `+N`, which is N seconds from the start time. A time relative to the current time is indicated with `now+N`. If no `end-time` is specified, 30 days from the start time is the default. `end-time` must be later than `start-time`.

-X extended end-time

  This option specifies the date and time when the generated RRSIG records for the DNSKEY RRset expire. This is to be used in cases when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be refreshed manually.

  As with `end-time`, an absolute time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative to the start time is indicated with `+N`, which is N seconds from the start time. A time relative to the current time is indicated with `now+N`. If no `extended end-time` is specified, the value of `end-time` is used as the default. (`end-time`, in turn, defaults to 30 days from the start time.) `extended end-time` must be later than `start-time`.

-f output-file

  This option indicates the name of the output file containing the signed zone. The default is to append `.signed` to the input filename. If `output-file` is set to `-`, then the signed zone is written to the standard output, with a default output format of `full`.

-h

  This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to dnssec-signzone.

-V

  This option prints version information.

-i interval

  This option indicates that, when a previously signed zone is passed as input, records may be re-signed. The `interval` option specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current time, in seconds. If a RRSIG record expires after the cycle interval, it is retained; otherwise, it is considered to be expiring soon and it is replaced.

  The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference between the signature end and start times. So if neither `end-time` nor `start-time` is specified, dnssec-signzone generates signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they are replaced.

  Note that the calculation of cycle interval is based upon the validity period of the replacement signatures that would be generated by `dnssec-signzone`, not on the valid lifetimes of the input RRSIGs being considered for pre-expiry replacement.

-I input-format

  This option sets the format of the input zone file. Possible formats are `text` (the default), and `raw`. This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic signed zones, so that the dumped zone file in a non-text format containing updates can be signed directly. This option is not useful for non-dynamic zones.

-j jitter

  When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expire simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e., a previously signed zone is passed as input to the signer, all expired signatures must be regenerated at approximately the same time. The `jitter` option specifies a jitter window that is used to randomize the signature expire time, thus spreading incremental signature regeneration over time.

  Signature lifetime jitter also, to some extent, benefits validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration, i.e., if large numbers of RRSIGs do not expire at the same time from all caches, there is less congestion than if all validators need to refetch at around the same time.

-L serial

  When writing a signed zone to “raw” format, this option sets the “source serial” value in the header to the specified `serial` number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.)

-n ncpus

  This option specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one thread is started for each detected CPU.

-N soa-serial-format

  This option sets the SOA serial number format of the signed zone. Possible formats are `keep` (the default), `increment`, `unixtime`, and `date`.

  keep

    This format indicates that the SOA serial number should not be modified.

  increment

    This format increments the SOA serial number using RFC 1982 arithmetic.

  unixtime

    This format sets the SOA serial number to the number of seconds since the beginning of the Unix epoch, unless the serial number is already greater than or equal to that value, in which case it is simply incremented by one.

  date

    This format sets the SOA serial number to today’s date, in YYYYMMDDNN format, unless the serial number is already greater than or equal to that value, in which case it is simply incremented by one.

-o origin

  This option sets the zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file is assumed to be the origin.

-O output-format

  This option sets the format of the output file containing the signed zone. Possible formats are `text` (the default), which is the standard textual representation of the zone; `full`, which is text output in a format suitable for processing by external scripts; and `raw` and `raw=N`, which store the zone in binary formats for rapid loading by `named`. `raw=N` specifies the format version of the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by any version of `named`; if N is 1, the file can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.

-P

  This option disables post-sign verification tests.

  The post-sign verification tests ensure that for each algorithm in use there is at least one non-revoked self-signed KSK key, that all revoked KSK keys are self-signed, and that all records in the zone are signed by the algorithm. This option skips these tests.

-Q

  This option removes signatures from keys that are no longer active.

  Normally, when a previously signed zone is passed as input to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key that are still within their validity period are retained. This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The `-Q` option forces dnssec-signzone to remove signatures from keys that are no longer active. This enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in RFC 6781 Section 4.1.1.1 (“Pre-Publish Zone Signing Key Rollover”).

-q

  This option enables quiet mode, which suppresses unnecessary output. Without this option, when dnssec-signzone is run it prints three pieces of information to standard output: the number of keys in use; the algorithms used to verify the zone was signed correctly and other status information; and the filename containing the signed zone. With the option that output is suppressed, leaving only the filename.

-R

  This option removes signatures from keys that are no longer published.

  This option is similar to `-Q`, except it forces dnssec-signzone to remove signatures from keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in RFC 6781 Section 4.1.1.2 (“Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover”).

-S

  This option enables smart signing, which instructs dnssec-signzone to search the key repository for keys that match the zone being signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.

  When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to determine how it should be used, according to the following rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior ones:

  > If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is published in the zone and used to sign the zone.

  > If the key’s publication date is set and is in the past, the key is published in the zone.

  > If the key’s activation date is set and is in the past, the key is published (regardless of publication date) and used to sign the zone.

  > If the key’s revocation date is set and is in the past, and the key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key is used to sign the zone.

  > If either the key’s unpublication or deletion date is set and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the zone, regardless of any other metadata.

  > If the key’s sync publication date is set and is in the past, synchronization records (type CDS and/or CDNSKEY) are created.

  > If the key’s sync deletion date is set and is in the past, synchronization records (type CDS and/or CDNSKEY) are removed.

-T ttl

  This option specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported into the zone from the key repository. If not specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone’s SOA record. This option is ignored when signing without `-S`, since DNSKEY records are not imported from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex, in which case new records’ TTL values are set to match them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default TTL value. In the event of a conflict between TTL values in imported keys, the shortest one is used.

-t

  This option prints statistics at completion.

-u

  This option updates the NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can be switched to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters. Without this option, dnssec-signzone retains the existing chain when re-signing.

-v level

  This option sets the debugging level.

-x

  This option indicates that BIND 9 should only sign the DNSKEY, CDNSKEY, and CDS RRsets with key-signing keys, and should omit signatures from zone-signing keys.

-z

  This option indicates that BIND 9 should ignore the KSK flag on keys when determining what to sign. This causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the DNSKEY RRset.

-3 salt

  This option generates an NSEC3 chain with the given hex-encoded salt. A dash (-) can be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.

  Note

  `-3 -` is the recommended configuration. Adding salt provides no practical benefits. See RFC 9276.

-H iterations

  This option indicates that, when generating an NSEC3 chain, BIND 9 should use this many iterations. The default is 0.

  Warning

  Values greater than 0 cause interoperability issues and also increase the risk of CPU-exhausting DoS attacks. See RFC 9276.

-A

  This option indicates that, when generating an NSEC3 chain, BIND 9 should set the OPTOUT flag on all NSEC3 records and should not generate NSEC3 records for insecure delegations.

  Warning

  Do not use this option unless all its implications are fully understood. This option is intended only for extremely large zones (comparable to `com.`) with sparse secure delegations. See RFC 9276.

-AA

  This option turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful when using the `-u` option to modify an NSEC3 chain which previously had OPTOUT set.

zonefile

  This option sets the file containing the zone to be signed.

key

  This option specifies which keys should be used to sign the zone. If no keys are specified, the zone is examined for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these records are found and there are matching private keys in the current directory, they are used for signing.

### Example

The following command signs the `example.com` zone with the ECDSAP256SHA256 key generated by `dnssec-keygen` (Kexample.com.+013+17247). Because the `-S` option is not being used, the zone’s keys must be in the master file (`db.example.com`). This invocation looks for `dsset` files in the current directory, so that DS records can be imported from them (`-g`).

    % dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
    Kexample.com.+013+17247
    db.example.com.signed
    %

In the above example, dnssec-signzone creates the file `db.example.com.signed`. This file should be referenced in a zone statement in the `named.conf` file.

This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters. The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.

    % cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
    % dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
    db.example.com.signed
    %

### See Also

`dnssec-keygen(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 4033, RFC 6781.

## dnssec-verify - DNSSEC zone verification tool

### Synopsis

dnssec-verify [-c class] [-E engine] [-I input-format] [-J filename] [-o origin] [-q] [-v level] [-V] [-x] [-z] {zonefile}

### Description

dnssec-verify verifies that a zone is fully signed for each algorithm found in the DNSKEY RRset for the zone, and that the NSEC/NSEC3 chains are complete.

### Options

-c class

  This option specifies the DNS class of the zone.

-E engine

  This option specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.

  When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module (usually `pkcs11`).

-I input-format

  This option sets the format of the input zone file. Possible formats are `text` (the default) and `raw`. This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic signed zones, so that the dumped zone file in a non-text format containing updates can be verified independently. This option is not useful for non-dynamic zones.

-J filename

  This option tells dnssec-verify to read the journal from the given file when loading the zone file.

-o origin

  This option indicates the zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file is assumed to be the origin.

-v level

  This option sets the debugging level.

-V

  This option prints version information.

-q

  This option sets quiet mode, which suppresses output. Without this option, when dnssec-verify is run it prints to standard output the number of keys in use, the algorithms used to verify the zone was signed correctly, and other status information. With this option, all non-error output is suppressed, and only the exit code indicates success.

-x

  This option verifies only that the DNSKEY RRset is signed with key-signing keys. Without this flag, it is assumed that the DNSKEY RRset is signed by all active keys. When this flag is set, it is not an error if the DNSKEY RRset is not signed by zone-signing keys. This corresponds to the `-x option in dnssec-signzone`.

-z

  This option indicates that the KSK flag on the keys should be ignored when determining whether the zone is correctly signed. Without this flag, it is assumed that there is a non-revoked, self-signed DNSKEY with the KSK flag set for each algorithm, and that RRsets other than DNSKEY RRset are signed with a different DNSKEY without the KSK flag set.

  With this flag set, BIND 9 only requires that for each algorithm, there be at least one non-revoked, self-signed DNSKEY, regardless of the KSK flag state, and that other RRsets be signed by a non-revoked key for the same algorithm that includes the self-signed key; the same key may be used for both purposes. This corresponds to the `-z option in dnssec-signzone`.

zonefile

  This option indicates the file containing the zone to be signed.

### See Also

`dnssec-signzone(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 4033.

## dnstap-read - print dnstap data in human-readable form

### Synopsis

dnstap-read [-m] [-p] [-x] [-y] {file}

### Description

dnstap-read reads `dnstap` data from a specified file and prints it in a human-readable format. By default, `dnstap` data is printed in a short summary format, but if the `-y` option is specified, a longer and more detailed YAML format is used.

### Options

-m

  This option indicates trace memory allocations, and is used for debugging memory leaks.

-p

  This option prints the text form of the DNS message that was encapsulated in the `dnstap` frame, after printing the `dnstap` data.

-t

  This option prints long timestamps with millisecond precision.

-x

  This option prints a hex dump of the wire form of the DNS message that was encapsulated in the `dnstap` frame, after printing the `dnstap` data.

-y

  This option prints `dnstap` data in a detailed YAML format.

### See Also

`named(8)`, `rndc(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## filter-aaaa.so - filter AAAA in DNS responses when A is present

### Synopsis

plugin query “filter-aaaa.so” [{ parameters }];

### Description

filter-aaaa.so is a query plugin module for `named`, enabling `named` to omit some IPv6 addresses when responding to clients.

Until BIND 9.12, this feature was implemented natively in `named` and enabled with the `filter-aaaa` ACL and the `filter-aaaa-on-v4` and `filter-aaaa-on-v6` options. These options are no longer available in `named.conf` but can be passed as parameters to the `filter-aaaa.so` plugin, for example:

    plugin query "filter-aaaa.so" {
            filter-aaaa-on-v4 yes;
            filter-aaaa-on-v6 yes;
            filter-aaaa { 192.0.2.1; 2001:db8:2::1; };
    };

This module is intended to aid transition from IPv4 to IPv6 by withholding IPv6 addresses from DNS clients which are not connected to the IPv6 Internet, when the name being looked up has an IPv4 address available. Use of this module is not recommended unless absolutely necessary.

Note: This mechanism can erroneously cause other servers not to give AAAA records to their clients. If a recursing server with both IPv6 and IPv4 network connections queries an authoritative server using this mechanism via IPv4, it is denied AAAA records even if its client is using IPv6.

### Options

`filter-aaaa`

  This option specifies a list of client addresses for which AAAA filtering is to be applied. The default is `any`.

`filter-aaaa-on-v4`

  If set to `yes`, this option indicates that the DNS client is at an IPv4 address, in `filter-aaaa`. If the response does not include DNSSEC signatures, then all AAAA records are deleted from the response. This filtering applies to all responses, not only authoritative ones.

  If set to `break-dnssec`, then AAAA records are deleted even when DNSSEC is enabled. As suggested by the name, this causes the response to fail to verify, because the DNSSEC protocol is designed to detect deletions.

  This mechanism can erroneously cause other servers not to give AAAA records to their clients. If a recursing server with both IPv6 and IPv4 network connections queries an authoritative server using this mechanism via IPv4, it is denied AAAA records even if its client is using IPv6.

`filter-aaaa-on-v6`

  This option is identical to `filter-aaaa-on-v4`, except that it filters AAAA responses to queries from IPv6 clients instead of IPv4 clients. To filter all responses, set both options to `yes`.

### See Also

BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## host - DNS lookup utility

### Synopsis

host [-aACdlnrsTUwv] [-c class] [-N ndots] [-p port] [-R number] [-t type] [-W wait] [-m flag] [ [-4] | [-6] ] [-v] [-V] {name} [server]

### Description

host is a simple utility for performing DNS lookups. It is normally used to convert names to IP addresses and vice versa. When no arguments or options are given, host prints a short summary of its command-line arguments and options.

`name` is the domain name that is to be looked up. It can also be a dotted-decimal IPv4 address or a colon-delimited IPv6 address, in which case host by default performs a reverse lookup for that address. `server` is an optional argument which is either the name or IP address of the name server that host should query instead of the server or servers listed in `/etc/resolv.conf`.

### Options

-4

  This option specifies that only IPv4 should be used for query transport. See also the `-6` option.

-6

  This option specifies that only IPv6 should be used for query transport. See also the `-4` option.

-a

  The `-a` (“all”) option is normally equivalent to `-v` `-t ANY`. It also affects the behavior of the `-l` list zone option.

-A

  The `-A` (“almost all”) option is equivalent to `-a`, except that RRSIG, NSEC, and NSEC3 records are omitted from the output.

-c class

  This option specifies the query class, which can be used to lookup HS (Hesiod) or CH (Chaosnet) class resource records. The default class is IN (Internet).

-C

  This option indicates that `named` should check consistency, meaning that host queries the SOA records for zone `name` from all the listed authoritative name servers for that zone. The list of name servers is defined by the NS records that are found for the zone.

-d

  This option prints debugging traces, and is equivalent to the `-v` verbose option.

-l

  This option tells `named` to list the zone, meaning the host command performs a zone transfer of zone `name` and prints out the NS, PTR, and address records (A/AAAA).

  Together, the `-l` `-a` options print all records in the zone.

-N ndots

  This option specifies the number of dots (`ndots`) that have to be in `name` for it to be considered absolute. The default value is that defined using the `ndots` statement in `/etc/resolv.conf`, or 1 if no `ndots` statement is present. Names with fewer dots are interpreted as relative names, and are searched for in the domains listed in the `search` or `domain` directive in `/etc/resolv.conf`.

-p port

  This option specifies the port to query on the server. The default is 53.

-r

  This option specifies a non-recursive query; setting this option clears the RD (recursion desired) bit in the query. This means that the name server receiving the query does not attempt to resolve `name`. The `-r` option enables host to mimic the behavior of a name server by making non-recursive queries, and expecting to receive answers to those queries that can be referrals to other name servers.

-R number

  This option specifies the number of retries for UDP queries. If `number` is negative or zero, the number of retries is silently set to 1. The default value is 1, or the value of the `attempts` option in `/etc/resolv.conf`, if set.

-s

  This option tells `named` not to send the query to the next nameserver if any server responds with a SERVFAIL response, which is the reverse of normal stub resolver behavior.

-t type

  This option specifies the query type. The `type` argument can be any recognized query type: CNAME, NS, SOA, TXT, DNSKEY, AXFR, etc.

  When no query type is specified, host automatically selects an appropriate query type. By default, it looks for A, AAAA, MX, and HTTPS records. If the `-C` option is given, queries are made for SOA records. If `name` is a dotted-decimal IPv4 address or colon-delimited IPv6 address, host queries for PTR records.

  If a query type of IXFR is chosen, the starting serial number can be specified by appending an equals sign (=), followed by the starting serial number, e.g., `-t IXFR=12345678`.

-T, -U

  This option specifies TCP or UDP. By default, host uses UDP when making queries; the `-T` option makes it use a TCP connection when querying the name server. TCP is automatically selected for queries that require it, such as zone transfer (AXFR) requests. Type `ANY` queries default to TCP, but can be forced to use UDP initially via `-U`.

-m flag

  This option sets memory usage debugging: the flag can be `record`, `usage`, or `trace`. The `-m` option can be specified more than once to set multiple flags.

-v

  This option sets verbose output, and is equivalent to the `-d` debug option. Verbose output can also be enabled by setting the `debug` option in `/etc/resolv.conf`.

-V

  This option prints the version number and exits.

-w

  This option sets “wait forever”: the query timeout is set to the maximum possible. See also the `-W` option.

-W wait

  This options sets the length of the wait timeout, indicating that `named` should wait for up to `wait` seconds for a reply. If `wait` is less than 1, the wait interval is set to 1 second.

  By default, host waits for 5 seconds for UDP responses and 10 seconds for TCP connections. These defaults can be overridden by the `timeout` option in `/etc/resolv.conf`.

  See also the `-w` option.

### IDN Support

If host has been built with IDN (internationalized domain name) support, it can accept and display non-ASCII domain names. host appropriately converts character encoding of a domain name before sending a request to a DNS server or displaying a reply from the server. To turn off IDN support, define the `IDN_DISABLE` environment variable. IDN support is disabled if the variable is set when host runs.

### Files

`/etc/resolv.conf`

### See Also

`dig(1)`, `named(8)`.

## mdig - DNS pipelined lookup utility

### Synopsis

mdig {@server} [-f filename] [-h] [-v] [ [-4] | [-6] ] [-m] [-b address] [-p port#] [-c class] [-t type] [-i] [-x addr] [plusopt…]

mdig {-h}

mdig [@server] {global-opt…} { {local-opt…} {query} …}

### Description

mdig is a multiple/pipelined query version of `dig`: instead of waiting for a response after sending each query, it begins by sending all queries. Responses are displayed in the order in which they are received, not in the order the corresponding queries were sent.

mdig options are a subset of the `dig` options, and are divided into “anywhere options,” which can occur anywhere, “global options,” which must occur before the query name (or they are ignored with a warning), and “local options,” which apply to the next query on the command line.

The `@server` option is a mandatory global option. It is the name or IP address of the name server to query. (Unlike `dig`, this value is not retrieved from `/etc/resolv.conf`.) It can be an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation, an IPv6 address in colon-delimited notation, or a hostname. When the supplied `server` argument is a hostname, mdig resolves that name before querying the name server.

mdig provides a number of query options which affect the way in which lookups are made and the results displayed. Some of these set or reset flag bits in the query header, some determine which sections of the answer get printed, and others determine the timeout and retry strategies.

Each query option is identified by a keyword preceded by a plus sign (`+`). Some keywords set or reset an option. These may be preceded by the string `no` to negate the meaning of that keyword. Other keywords assign values to options like the timeout interval. They have the form `+keyword=value`.

### Anywhere Options

-f

  This option makes mdig operate in batch mode by reading a list of lookup requests to process from the file `filename`. The file contains a number of queries, one per line. Each entry in the file should be organized in the same way they would be presented as queries to mdig using the command-line interface.

-h

  This option causes mdig to print detailed help information, with the full list of options, and exit.

-v

  This option causes mdig to print the version number and exit.

### Global Options

-4

  This option forces mdig to only use IPv4 query transport.

-6

  This option forces mdig to only use IPv6 query transport.

-b address

  This option sets the source IP address of the query to `address`. This must be a valid address on one of the host’s network interfaces or “0.0.0.0” or “::”. An optional port may be specified by appending “#<port>”

-m

  This option enables memory usage debugging.

-p port#

  This option is used when a non-standard port number is to be queried. `port#` is the port number that mdig sends its queries to, instead of the standard DNS port number 53. This option is used to test a name server that has been configured to listen for queries on a non-standard port number.

The global query options are:

+additional, +noadditional

  This option displays [or does not display] the additional section of a reply. The default is to display it.

+all, +noall

  This option sets or clears all display flags.

+answer, +noanswer

  This option displays [or does not display] the answer section of a reply. The default is to display it.

+authority, +noauthority

  This option displays [or does not display] the authority section of a reply. The default is to display it.

+besteffort, +nobesteffort

  This option attempts to display [or does not display] the contents of messages which are malformed. The default is to not display malformed answers.

+burst

  This option delays queries until the start of the next second.

+cl, +nocl

  This option displays [or does not display] the CLASS when printing the record.

+comments, +nocomments

  This option toggles the display of comment lines in the output. The default is to print comments.

+continue, +nocontinue

  This option toggles continuation on errors (e.g. timeouts).

+crypto, +nocrypto

  This option toggles the display of cryptographic fields in DNSSEC records. The contents of these fields are unnecessary to debug most DNSSEC validation failures and removing them makes it easier to see the common failures. The default is to display the fields. When omitted, they are replaced by the string “[omitted]”; in the DNSKEY case, the key ID is displayed as the replacement, e.g., `[ key id = value ]`.

+multiline, +nomultiline

  This option toggles printing of records, like the SOA records, in a verbose multi-line format with human-readable comments. The default is to print each record on a single line, to facilitate machine parsing of the mdig output.

+question, +noquestion

  This option prints [or does not print] the question section of a query when an answer is returned. The default is to print the question section as a comment.

+rrcomments, +norrcomments

  This option toggles the display of per-record comments in the output (for example, human-readable key information about DNSKEY records). The default is not to print record comments unless multiline mode is active.

+short, +noshort

  This option provides [or does not provide] a terse answer. The default is to print the answer in a verbose form.

+split=W

  This option splits long hex- or base64-formatted fields in resource records into chunks of `W` characters (where `W` is rounded up to the nearest multiple of 4). `+nosplit` or `+split=0` causes fields not to be split. The default is 56 characters, or 44 characters when multiline mode is active.

+tcp, +notcp

  This option uses [or does not use] TCP when querying name servers. The default behavior is to use UDP.

+ttlid, +nottlid

  This option displays [or does not display] the TTL when printing the record.

+ttlunits, +nottlunits

  This option displays [or does not display] the TTL in friendly human-readable time units of “s”, “m”, “h”, “d”, and “w”, representing seconds, minutes, hours, days, and weeks. This implies +ttlid.

+vc, +novc

  This option uses [or does not use] TCP when querying name servers. This alternate syntax to `+tcp` is provided for backwards compatibility. The `vc` stands for “virtual circuit”.

### Local Options

-c class

  This option sets the query class to `class`. It can be any valid query class which is supported in BIND 9. The default query class is “IN”.

-t type

  This option sets the query type to `type`. It can be any valid query type which is supported in BIND 9. The default query type is “A”, unless the `-x` option is supplied to indicate a reverse lookup with the “PTR” query type.

-x addr

  Reverse lookups - mapping addresses to names - are simplified by this option. `addr` is an IPv4 address in dotted-decimal notation, or a colon-delimited IPv6 address. mdig automatically performs a lookup for a query name like `11.12.13.10.in-addr.arpa` and sets the query type and class to PTR and IN respectively. By default, IPv6 addresses are looked up using nibble format under the IP6.ARPA domain.

The local query options are:

+aaflag, +noaaflag

  This is a synonym for `+aaonly`, `+noaaonly`.

+aaonly, +noaaonly

  This sets the `aa` flag in the query.

+adflag, +noadflag

  This sets [or does not set] the AD (authentic data) bit in the query. This requests the server to return whether all of the answer and authority sections have all been validated as secure, according to the security policy of the server. AD=1 indicates that all records have been validated as secure and the answer is not from a OPT-OUT range. AD=0 indicates that some part of the answer was insecure or not validated. This bit is set by default.

+bufsize=B

  This sets the UDP message buffer size advertised using EDNS0 to `B` bytes. The maximum and minimum sizes of this buffer are 65535 and 0 respectively. Values outside this range are rounded up or down appropriately. Values other than zero cause a EDNS query to be sent.

+cdflag, +nocdflag

  This sets [or does not set] the CD (checking disabled) bit in the query. This requests the server to not perform DNSSEC validation of responses.

+cookie=####, +nocookie

  This sends [or does not send] a COOKIE EDNS option, with an optional value. Replaying a COOKIE from a previous response allows the server to identify a previous client. The default is `+nocookie`.

+dnssec, +nodnssec

  This requests that DNSSEC records be sent by setting the DNSSEC OK (DO) bit in the OPT record in the additional section of the query.

+edns[=#], +noedns

  This specifies [or does not specify] the EDNS version to query with. Valid values are 0 to 255. Setting the EDNS version causes an EDNS query to be sent. `+noedns` clears the remembered EDNS version. EDNS is set to 0 by default.

+ednsflags[=#], +noednsflags

  This sets the must-be-zero EDNS flag bits (Z bits) to the specified value. Decimal, hex, and octal encodings are accepted. Setting a named flag (e.g. DO) is silently ignored. By default, no Z bits are set.

+ednsopt[=code[:value]], +noednsopt

  This specifies [or does not specify] an EDNS option with code point `code` and an optional payload of `value` as a hexadecimal string. `+noednsopt` clears the EDNS options to be sent.

+expire, +noexpire

  This toggles sending of an EDNS Expire option.

+nsid, +nonsid

  This toggles inclusion of an EDNS name server ID request when sending a query.

+recurse, +norecurse

  This toggles the setting of the RD (recursion desired) bit in the query. This bit is set by default, which means mdig normally sends recursive queries.

+retry=T

  This sets the number of times to retry UDP queries to server to `T` instead of the default, 2. Unlike `+tries`, this does not include the initial query.

+subnet=addr[/prefix-length], +nosubnet

  This sends [or does not send] an EDNS Client Subnet option with the specified IP address or network prefix.

`mdig +subnet=0.0.0.0/0`, or simply `mdig +subnet=0`

  This sends an EDNS client-subnet option with an empty address and a source prefix-length of zero, which signals a resolver that the client’s address information must not be used when resolving this query.

+timeout=T

  This sets the timeout for a query to `T` seconds. The default timeout is 5 seconds for UDP transport and 10 for TCP. An attempt to set `T` to less than 1 results in a query timeout of 1 second being applied.

+tries=T

  This sets the number of times to try UDP queries to server to `T` instead of the default, 3. If `T` is less than or equal to zero, the number of tries is silently rounded up to 1.

+udptimeout=T

  This sets the timeout between UDP query retries to `T`.

+unknownformat, +nounknownformat

  This prints [or does not print] all RDATA in unknown RR-type presentation format (see RFC 3597). The default is to print RDATA for known types in the type’s presentation format.

+yaml, +noyaml

  This toggles printing of the responses in a detailed YAML format.

+zflag, +nozflag

  This sets [or does not set] the last unassigned DNS header flag in a DNS query. This flag is off by default.

### See Also

`dig(1)`, RFC 1035.

## named-checkconf - named configuration file syntax checking tool

### Synopsis

named-checkconf [-achjlvz] [-p [-x ]] [-t directory] {filename}

### Description

named-checkconf checks the syntax, but not the semantics, of a `named` configuration file. The file, along with all files included by it, is parsed and checked for syntax errors. If no file is specified, `/etc/bind/named.conf` is read by default.

Note: files that `named` reads in separate parser contexts, such as `rndc.conf` or `rndc.key`, are not automatically read by named-checkconf. Configuration errors in these files may cause `named` to fail to run, even if named-checkconf was successful. However, named-checkconf can be run on these files explicitly.

### Options

-a

  Don’t check the dnssec-policy’s DNSSEC key algorithms against those supported by the crypto provider. This is useful when checking a named.conf intended to be run on another machine with possibly a different set of supported DNSSEC key algorithms.

-h

  This option prints the usage summary and exits.

-j

  When loading a zonefile, this option instructs `named` to read the journal if it exists.

-l

  This option lists all the configured zones. Each line of output contains the zone name, class (e.g. IN), view, and type (e.g. primary or secondary).

-c

  This option specifies that only the “core” configuration should be checked. This suppresses the loading of plugin modules, and causes all parameters to `plugin` statements to be ignored.

-i

  This option ignores warnings on deprecated options.

-p

  This option prints out the `named.conf` and included files in canonical form if no errors were detected. See also the `-x` option.

-t directory

  This option instructs `named` to chroot to `directory`, so that `include` directives in the configuration file are processed as if run by a similarly chrooted `named`.

-v

  This option prints the version of the named-checkconf program and exits.

-x

  When printing the configuration files in canonical form, this option obscures shared secrets by replacing them with strings of question marks (`?`). This allows the contents of `named.conf` and related files to be shared - for example, when submitting bug reports - without compromising private data. This option cannot be used without `-p`.

-z

  This option performs a test load of all zones of type `primary` found in `named.conf`.

filename

  This indicates the name of the configuration file to be checked. If not specified, it defaults to `/etc/bind/named.conf`.

### Return Values

named-checkconf returns an exit status of 1 if errors were detected and 0 otherwise.

### See Also

`named(8)`, `named-checkzone(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## named-checkzone - zone file validation tool

### Synopsis

named-checkzone [-d] [-h] [-j] [-q] [-v] [-c class] [-C mode] [-f format] [-F format] [-J filename] [-i mode] [-k mode] [-m mode] [-M mode] [-n mode] [-l ttl] [-L serial] [-o filename] [-r mode] [-s style] [-S mode] [-t directory] [-T mode] [-w directory] [-D] [-W mode] {zonename} {filename}

### Description

named-checkzone checks the syntax and integrity of a zone file. It performs the same checks as `named` does when loading a zone. This makes named-checkzone useful for checking zone files before configuring them into a name server.

### Options

-d

  This option enables debugging.

-h

  This option prints the usage summary and exits.

-q

  This option sets quiet mode, which only sets an exit code to indicate successful or failed completion.

-v

  This option prints the version of the named-checkzone program and exits.

-j

  When loading a zone file, this option tells `named` to read the journal if it exists. The journal file name is assumed to be the zone file name with the string `.jnl` appended.

-J filename

  When loading the zone file, this option tells `named` to read the journal from the given file, if it exists. This implies `-j`.

-c class

  This option specifies the class of the zone. If not specified, `IN` is assumed.

-C mode

  This option controls check mode on zone files when loading. Possible modes are `check-svcb:fail` and `check-svcb:ignore`.

  `check-svcb:fail` turns on additional checks on `_dns` SVCB records and `check-svcb:ignore` disables these checks. The default is `check-svcb:fail`.

-i mode

  This option performs post-load zone integrity checks. Possible modes are `full` (the default), `full-sibling`, `local`, `local-sibling`, and `none`.

  Mode `full` checks that MX records refer to A or AAAA records (both in-zone and out-of-zone hostnames). Mode `local` only checks MX records which refer to in-zone hostnames.

  Mode `full` checks that SRV records refer to A or AAAA records (both in-zone and out-of-zone hostnames). Mode `local` only checks SRV records which refer to in-zone hostnames.

  Mode `full` checks that delegation NS records refer to A or AAAA records (both in-zone and out-of-zone hostnames). It also checks that glue address records in the zone match those advertised by the child. Mode `local` only checks NS records which refer to in-zone hostnames or verifies that some required glue exists, i.e., when the name server is in a child zone.

  Modes `full-sibling` and `local-sibling` disable sibling glue checks, but are otherwise the same as `full` and `local`, respectively.

  Mode `none` disables the checks.

-f format

  This option specifies the format of the zone file. Possible formats are `text` (the default), and `raw`.

-F format

  This option specifies the format of the output file specified. For named-checkzone, this does not have any effect unless it dumps the zone contents.

  Possible formats are `text` (the default), which is the standard textual representation of the zone, and `raw` and `raw=N`, which store the zone in a binary format for rapid loading by `named`. `raw=N` specifies the format version of the raw zone file: if `N` is 0, the raw file can be read by any version of `named`; if N is 1, the file can only be read by release 9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.

-k mode

  This option performs `check-names` checks with the specified failure mode. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn` (the default), and `ignore`.

-l ttl

  This option sets a maximum permissible TTL for the input file. Any record with a TTL higher than this value causes the zone to be rejected. This is similar to using the `max-zone-ttl` option in `named.conf`.

-L serial

  When compiling a zone to `raw` format, this option sets the “source serial” value in the header to the specified serial number. This is expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.

-m mode

  This option specifies whether MX records should be checked to see if they are addresses. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn` (the default), and `ignore`.

-M mode

  This option checks whether a MX record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn` (the default), and `ignore`.

-n mode

  This option specifies whether NS records should be checked to see if they are addresses. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn` (the default), and `ignore`.

-o filename

  This option writes the zone output to `filename`. If `filename` is `-`, then the zone output is written to standard output.

-r mode

  This option checks for records that are treated as different by DNSSEC but are semantically equal in plain DNS. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn` (the default), and `ignore`.

-s style

  This option specifies the style of the dumped zone file. Possible styles are `full` (the default) and `relative`. The `full` format is most suitable for processing automatically by a separate script. The relative format is more human-readable and is thus suitable for editing by hand. This does not have any effect unless it dumps the zone contents. It also does not have any meaning if the output format is not text.

-S mode

  This option checks whether an SRV record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn` (the default), and `ignore`.

-t directory

  This option tells `named` to chroot to `directory`, so that `include` directives in the configuration file are processed as if run by a similarly chrooted `named`.

-T mode

  This option checks whether Sender Policy Framework (SPF) records exist and issues a warning if an SPF-formatted TXT record is not also present. Possible modes are `warn` (the default) and `ignore`.

-w directory

  This option instructs `named` to chdir to `directory`, so that relative filenames in master file `$INCLUDE` directives work. This is similar to the directory clause in `named.conf`.

-D

  This option dumps the zone file in canonical format.

-W mode

  This option specifies whether to check for non-terminal wildcards. Non-terminal wildcards are almost always the result of a failure to understand the wildcard matching algorithm (RFC 4592). Possible modes are `warn` (the default) and `ignore`.

zonename

  This indicates the domain name of the zone being checked.

filename

  This is the name of the zone file.

### Return Values

named-checkzone returns an exit status of 1 if errors were detected and 0 otherwise.

### See Also

`named(8)`, `named-checkconf(8)`, `named-compilezone(8)`, RFC 1035, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## named-compilezone - zone file converting tool

### Synopsis

named-compilezone [-d] [-h] [-j] [-q] [-v] [-c class] [-C mode] [-f format] [-F format] [-J filename] [-i mode] [-k mode] [-m mode] [-M mode] [-n mode] [-l ttl] [-L serial] [-r mode] [-s style] [-S mode] [-t directory] [-T mode] [-w directory] [-D] [-W mode] {-o filename} {zonename} {filename}

### Description

named-compilezone checks the syntax and integrity of a zone file, and dumps the zone contents to a specified file in a specified format.

Unlike named-checkzone, zone contents are not strictly checked by default. If the output is to be used as an actual zone file to be loaded by `named`, then the check levels should be manually configured to be at least as strict as those specified in the `named` configuration file.

Running named-checkzone on the input prior to compiling will ensure that the zone compiles with the default requirements of `named`.

### Options

-d

  This option enables debugging.

-h

  This option prints the usage summary and exits.

-q

  This option sets quiet mode, which only sets an exit code to indicate successful or failed completion.

-v

  This option prints the version of the `named-checkzone` program and exits.

-j

  When loading a zone file, this option tells `named` to read the journal if it exists. The journal file name is assumed to be the zone file name with the string `.jnl` appended.

-J filename

  When loading the zone file, this option tells `named` to read the journal from the given file, if it exists. This implies `-j`.

-c class

  This option specifies the class of the zone. If not specified, `IN` is assumed.

-C mode

  This option controls check mode on zone files when loading. Possible modes are `check-svcb:fail` and `check-svcb:ignore`.

  `check-svcb:fail` turns on additional checks on `_dns` SVCB records and `check-svcb:ignore` disables these checks. The default is `check-svcb:ignore`.

-i mode

  This option performs post-load zone integrity checks. Possible modes are `full`, `full-sibling`, `local`, `local-sibling`, and `none` (the default).

  Mode `full` checks that MX records refer to A or AAAA records (both in-zone and out-of-zone hostnames). Mode `local` only checks MX records which refer to in-zone hostnames.

  Mode `full` checks that SRV records refer to A or AAAA records (both in-zone and out-of-zone hostnames). Mode `local` only checks SRV records which refer to in-zone hostnames.

  Mode `full` checks that delegation NS records refer to A or AAAA records (both in-zone and out-of-zone hostnames). It also checks that glue address records in the zone match those advertised by the child. Mode `local` only checks NS records which refer to in-zone hostnames or verifies that some required glue exists, i.e., when the name server is in a child zone.

  Modes `full-sibling` and `local-sibling` disable sibling glue checks, but are otherwise the same as `full` and `local`, respectively.

  Mode `none` disables the checks.

-f format

  This option specifies the format of the zone file. Possible formats are `text` (the default), and `raw`.

-F format

  This option specifies the format of the output file specified. For `named-checkzone`, this does not have any effect unless it dumps the zone contents.

  Possible formats are `text` (the default), which is the standard textual representation of the zone, and `raw` and `raw=N`, which store the zone in a binary format for rapid loading by `named`. `raw=N` specifies the format version of the raw zone file: if `N` is 0, the raw file can be read by any version of `named`; if N is 1, the file can only be read by release 9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.

-k mode

  This option performs `check-names` checks with the specified failure mode. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn`, and `ignore` (the default).

-l ttl

  This option sets a maximum permissible TTL for the input file. Any record with a TTL higher than this value causes the zone to be rejected. This is similar to using the `max-zone-ttl` option in `named.conf`.

-L serial

  When compiling a zone to `raw` format, this option sets the “source serial” value in the header to the specified serial number. This is expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.

-m mode

  This option specifies whether MX records should be checked to see if they are addresses. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn`, and `ignore` (the default).

-M mode

  This option checks whether a MX record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn`, and `ignore` (the default).

-n mode

  This option specifies whether NS records should be checked to see if they are addresses. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn`, and `ignore` (the default).

-o filename

  This option writes the zone output to `filename`. If `filename` is `-`, then the zone output is written to standard output. This is mandatory for named-compilezone.

-r mode

  This option checks for records that are treated as different by DNSSEC but are semantically equal in plain DNS. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn`, and `ignore` (the default).

-s style

  This option specifies the style of the dumped zone file. Possible styles are `full` (the default) and `relative`. The `full` format is most suitable for processing automatically by a separate script. The relative format is more human-readable and is thus suitable for editing by hand.

-S mode

  This option checks whether an SRV record refers to a CNAME. Possible modes are `fail`, `warn`, and `ignore` (the default).

-t directory

  This option tells `named` to chroot to `directory`, so that `include` directives in the configuration file are processed as if run by a similarly chrooted `named`.

-T mode

  This option checks whether Sender Policy Framework (SPF) records exist and issues a warning if an SPF-formatted TXT record is not also present. Possible modes are `warn` and `ignore` (the default).

-w directory

  This option instructs `named` to chdir to `directory`, so that relative filenames in master file `$INCLUDE` directives work. This is similar to the directory clause in `named.conf`.

-D

  This option dumps the zone file in canonical format. This is always enabled for named-compilezone.

-W mode

  This option specifies whether to check for non-terminal wildcards. Non-terminal wildcards are almost always the result of a failure to understand the wildcard matching algorithm (RFC 4592). Possible modes are `warn` and `ignore` (the default).

zonename

  This indicates the domain name of the zone being checked.

filename

  This is the name of the zone file.

### Return Values

named-compilezone returns an exit status of 1 if errors were detected and 0 otherwise.

### See Also

`named(8)`, `named-checkconf(8)`, `named-checkzone(8)`, RFC 1035, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## named-journalprint - print zone journal in human-readable form

### Synopsis

named-journalprint [-c serial] [-dux] {journal}

### Description

named-journalprint scans the contents of a zone journal file, printing it in a human-readable form, or, optionally, converting it to a different journal file format.

Journal files are automatically created by `named` when changes are made to dynamic zones (e.g., by `nsupdate`). They record each addition or deletion of a resource record, in binary format, allowing the changes to be re-applied to the zone when the server is restarted after a shutdown or crash. By default, the name of the journal file is formed by appending the extension `.jnl` to the name of the corresponding zone file.

named-journalprint converts the contents of a given journal file into a human-readable text format. Each line begins with `add` or `del`, to indicate whether the record was added or deleted, and continues with the resource record in master-file format.

The `-c` (compact) option provides a mechanism to reduce the size of a journal by removing (most/all) transactions prior to the specified serial number. Note: this option must not be used while `named` is running, and can cause data loss if the zone file has not been updated to contain the data being removed from the journal. Use with extreme caution.

The `-x` option causes additional data about the journal file to be printed at the beginning of the output and before each group of changes.

The `-u` (upgrade) and `-d` (downgrade) options recreate the journal file with a modified format version. The existing journal file is replaced. `-d` writes out the journal in the format used by versions of BIND up to 9.16.11; `-u` writes it out in the format used by versions since 9.16.13. (9.16.12 is omitted due to a journal-formatting bug in that release.) Note that these options must not be used while `named` is running.

### See Also

`named(8)`, `nsupdate(1)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## named-nzd2nzf - convert an NZD database to NZF text format

### Synopsis

named-nzd2nzf {filename}

### Description

named-nzd2nzf converts an NZD database to NZF format and prints it to standard output. This can be used to review the configuration of zones that were added to `named` via `rndc addzone`. It can also be used to restore the old file format when rolling back from a newer version of BIND to an older version.

### Arguments

filename

  This is the name of the `.nzd` file whose contents should be printed.

### See Also

BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## named-rrchecker - syntax checker for individual DNS resource records

### Synopsis

named-rrchecker [-h] [-o origin] [-p] [-u] [-C] [-T] [-P]

### Description

named-rrchecker reads a single DNS resource record (RR) from standard input and checks whether it is syntactically correct.

The input format is a minimal subset of the DNS zone file format. The entire input must be:

  CLASS TYPE RDATA

- Input must not start with an owner (domain) name

- The CLASS field is mandatory (typically `IN`).

- The TTL field must not be present.

- RDATA format is specific to each RRTYPE.

- Leading and trailing whitespace in each field is ignored.

Format details can be found in RFC 1035 Section 5.1 under `<rr>` specification. RFC 3597 format is also accepted in any of the input fields. See Examples.

### Options

-o origin

  This option specifies the origin to be used when interpreting names in the record: it defaults to root (.). The specified origin is always taken as an absolute name.

-p

  This option prints out the resulting record in canonical form. If there is no canonical form defined, the record is printed in RFC 3597 unknown record format.

-u

  This option prints out the resulting record in RFC 3597 unknown record format.

-C, -T, -P

  These options do not read input. They print out known classes, standard types, and private type mnemonics. Each item is printed on a separate line. The resulting list of private types may be empty

-h

  This option prints out the help menu.

### Examples

Pay close attention to the echo command line options -e and -n, as they affect whitespace in the input to `named-rrchecker`.

echo -n ‘IN A 192.0.2.1’ | named-rrchecker

  - Valid input is in RFC 1035 format with no newline at the end of the input.

  - Return code 0.

echo -e ‘\n \n IN\tA 192.0.2.1 \t \n\n ‘ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid input with leading and trailing whitespace.

  - Output: `IN A 192.0.2.1`

  - Leading and trailing whitespace is not part of the output.

#### Relative names and origin

echo ‘IN CNAME target’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid input with a relative name as the CNAME target.

  - Output: `IN CNAME target.`

  - Relative name target from the input is converted to an absolute name using the default origin `.` (root).

echo ‘IN CNAME target’ | named-rrchecker -p -o origin.test

  - Valid input with a relative name as the CNAME target.

  - Output: `IN CNAME target.origin.test.`

  - Relative name target from the input is converted to an absolute name using the specified origin `origin.test`

echo ‘IN CNAME target.’ | named-rrchecker -p -o origin.test

  - Valid input with an absolute name as the CNAME target.

  - Output: `IN CNAME target.`

  - The specified origin has no influence if target from the input is already absolute.

#### Special characters

Special characters allowed in zone files by RFC 1035 Section 5.1 are accepted.

echo ‘IN CNAME t\097r\get\.’ | named-rrchecker -p -o origin.test

  - Valid input with backslash escapes.

  - Output: `IN CNAME target\..origin.test.`

  - `\097` denotes an ASCII value in decimal, which, in this example, is the character `a`.

  - `\g` is converted to a plain `g` because the `g` character does not have a special meaning and so the `\` prefix does nothing in this case.

  - `\.` denotes a literal ASCII dot (here as a part of the CNAME target name). Special meaning of `.` as the DNS label separator was disabled by the preceding `\` prefix.

echo ‘IN CNAME @’ | named-rrchecker -p -o origin.test

  - Valid input with `@` used as a reference to the specified origin.

  - Output: `IN CNAME origin.test.`

echo ‘IN CNAME \@’ | named-rrchecker -p -o origin.test

  - Valid input with a literal `@` character (escaped).

  - Output: `IN CNAME \@.origin.test.`

echo ‘IN CNAME prefix.@’ | named-rrchecker -p -o origin.test

  - Valid input with `@` used as a reference to the specifed origin.

  - Output: `IN CNAME prefix.\@.origin.test.`

  - `@` has special meaning only if it is free-standing.

echo ‘IN A 192.0.2.1; comment’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid input with a trailing comment. Note the lack of whitespace before the start of the comment.

  - Output: `IN A 192.0.2.1`

For multi-line examples see the next section.

#### Multi-token records

echo -e ‘IN TXT two words \n’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid TXT RR with two unquoted words and trailing whitespace.

  - Output: `IN TXT "two" "words"`

  - Two unquoted words in the input are treated as two <character-string>s per RFC 1035 Section 3.3.14.

  - Trailing whitespace is omitted from the last <character-string>.

echo -e ‘IN TXT “two words” \n’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid TXT RR with one character-string and trailing whitespace.

  - Output: `IN TXT "two words"`

echo -e ‘IN TXT “problematic newline\n”’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Invalid input - the closing `"` is not detected before the end of the line.

echo ‘IN TXT “with newline\010”’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid input with an escaped newline character inside character-string.

  - Output: `IN TXT "with newline\010"`

echo -e ‘IN TXT ( two\nwords )’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid multi-line input with line continuation allowed inside optional parentheses in the RDATA field.

  - Output: `IN TXT "two" "words"`

echo -e ‘IN TXT ( two\nwords ; misplaced comment )’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Invalid input - comments, starting with “;”, are ignored by the parser, so the closing parenthesis should be before the semicolon.

echo -e ‘IN TXT ( two\nwords ; a working comment\n )’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid input - the comment is terminated with a newline.

  - Output: `IN TXT "two" "words"`

echo ‘IN HTTPS 1 . alpn=”h2,h3”’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid HTTPS record

  - Output: `IN HTTPS 1 . alpn="h2,h3"`

echo -e ‘IN HTTPS ( 1 \n . \n alpn=”dot”)port=853’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid HTTPS record with individual sub-fields split across multiple lines using RFC 1035 Section 5.1 parentheses syntax to group data that crosses a line boundary.

  - Note the missing whitespace between the closing parenthesis and adjacent tokens.

  - Output: `IN HTTPS 1 . alpn="dot" port=853`

#### Unknown type handling

echo ‘IN A 192.0.2.1’ | named-rrchecker -u

  - Valid input in RFC 1035 format.

  - Output in RFC 3957 format: `CLASS1 TYPE1 \# 4 C0000201`

echo ‘CLASS1 TYPE1 \# 4 C0000201’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid input in RFC 3597 format.

  - Output in RFC 1035 format: `IN A 192.0.2.1`

echo ‘IN A \# 4 C0000201’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid input with class and type in RFC 1035 format and rdata in RFC 3597 format.

  - Output in RFC 1035 format: `IN A 192.0.2.1`

echo ‘IN HTTPS 1 . key3=\001\000’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Valid input with RFC 9460 syntax for an unknown key3 field. Syntax `\001\000` produces two octets with values 1 and 0, respectively.

  - Output: `IN HTTPS 1 . port=256`

  - key3 matches the standardized key name port.

  - Octets 1 and 0 were decoded as integer values in big-endian encoding.

echo ‘IN HTTPS 1 . key3=\001’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Invalid input - the length of the value for key3 (i.e. port) does not match the known standard format for that parameter in the SVCB RRTYPE.

echo ‘IN HTTPS 1 . port=\001\000’ | named-rrchecker -p

  - Invalid input - the key port, when specified using its standard mnemonic name, must use standard key-specific syntax.

#### Meta values

echo ‘IN AXFR’ | named-rrchecker

  - Invalid input - AXFR is a meta type, not a genuine RRTYPE.

echo ‘ANY A 192.0.2.1’ | named-rrchecker

  - Invalid input - ANY is meta class, not a true class.

echo ‘A 192.0.2.1’ | named-rrchecker

  - Invalid input - the class field is missing, so the parser would try and fail to interpret the RRTYPE A as the class.

### Return Codes

0

  The whole input was parsed as one syntactically valid resource record.

1

  The input is not a syntactically valid resource record, or the given type is not supported, or either/both class and type are meta-values, which should not appear in zone files.

### See Also

RFC 1034, RFC 1035, RFC 3957, `named(8)`.

## named.conf - configuration file for named

### Synopsis

named.conf

### Description

`named.conf` is the configuration file for `named`.

For complete documentation about the configuration statements, please refer to the Configuration Reference section in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

Statements are enclosed in braces and terminated with a semi-colon. Clauses in the statements are also semi-colon terminated. The usual comment styles are supported:

C style: /* */

C++ style: // to end of line

Unix style: # to end of line

    acl <string> { <address_match_element>; ... }; // may occur multiple times

    controls {
    	inet ( <ipv4_address> | <ipv6_address> | * ) [ port ( <integer> | * ) ] allow { <address_match_element>; ... } [ keys { <string>; ... } ] [ read-only <boolean> ]; // may occur multiple times
    	unix <quoted_string> perm <integer> owner <integer> group <integer> [ keys { <string>; ... } ] [ read-only <boolean> ]; // may occur multiple times
    }; // may occur multiple times

    dlz <string> {
    	database <string>;
    	search <boolean>;
    }; // may occur multiple times

    dnssec-policy <string> {
    	cdnskey <boolean>;
    	cds-digest-types { <string>; ... };
    	dnskey-ttl <duration>;
    	inline-signing <boolean>;
    	keys { ( csk | ksk | zsk ) [ key-directory | key-store <string> ] lifetime <duration_or_unlimited> algorithm <string> [ tag-range <integer> <integer> ] [ <integer> ]; ... };
    	max-zone-ttl <duration>;
    	nsec3param [ iterations <integer> ] [ optout <boolean> ] [ salt-length <integer> ];
    	offline-ksk <boolean>;
    	parent-ds-ttl <duration>;
    	parent-propagation-delay <duration>;
    	publish-safety <duration>;
    	purge-keys <duration>;
    	retire-safety <duration>;
    	signatures-jitter <duration>;
    	signatures-refresh <duration>;
    	signatures-validity <duration>;
    	signatures-validity-dnskey <duration>;
    	zone-propagation-delay <duration>;
    }; // may occur multiple times

    dyndb <string> <quoted_string> { <unspecified-text> }; // may occur multiple times

    http <string> {
    	endpoints { <quoted_string>; ... };
    	listener-clients <integer>;
    	streams-per-connection <integer>;
    }; // may occur multiple times

    key <string> {
    	algorithm <string>;
    	secret <string>;
    }; // may occur multiple times

    key-store <string> {
    	directory <string>;
    	pkcs11-uri <quoted_string>;
    }; // may occur multiple times

    logging {
    	category <string> { <string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times
    	channel <string> {
    		buffered <boolean>;
    		file <quoted_string> [ versions ( unlimited | <integer> ) ] [ size <size> ] [ suffix ( increment | timestamp ) ];
    		null;
    		print-category <boolean>;
    		print-severity <boolean>;
    		print-time ( iso8601 | iso8601-utc | local | <boolean> );
    		severity <log_severity>;
    		stderr;
    		syslog [ <syslog_facility> ];
    	}; // may occur multiple times
    };

    managed-keys { <string> ( static-key | initial-key | static-ds | initial-ds ) <integer> <integer> <integer> <quoted_string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times, deprecated

    options {
    	allow-new-zones <boolean>;
    	allow-notify { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-proxy { <address_match_element>; ... }; // experimental
    	allow-proxy-on { <address_match_element>; ... }; // experimental
    	allow-query { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-cache { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-cache-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-recursion { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-recursion-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-transfer [ port <integer> ] [ transport <string> ] { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-update { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-update-forwarding { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	also-notify [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	answer-cookie <boolean>;
    	attach-cache <string>;
    	auth-nxdomain <boolean>;
    	automatic-interface-scan <boolean>;
    	avoid-v4-udp-ports { <portrange>; ... }; // deprecated
    	avoid-v6-udp-ports { <portrange>; ... }; // deprecated
    	bindkeys-file <quoted_string>; // test only
    	blackhole { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	catalog-zones { zone <string> [ default-primaries [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... } ] [ zone-directory <quoted_string> ] [ in-memory <boolean> ] [ min-update-interval <duration> ]; ... };
    	check-dup-records ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-integrity <boolean>;
    	check-mx ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-mx-cname ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-names ( primary | master | secondary | slave | response ) ( fail | warn | ignore ); // may occur multiple times
    	check-sibling <boolean>;
    	check-spf ( warn | ignore );
    	check-srv-cname ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-svcb <boolean>;
    	check-wildcard <boolean>;
    	clients-per-query <integer>;
    	cookie-algorithm ( siphash24 );
    	cookie-secret <string>; // may occur multiple times
    	deny-answer-addresses { <address_match_element>; ... } [ except-from { <string>; ... } ];
    	deny-answer-aliases { <string>; ... } [ except-from { <string>; ... } ];
    	dialup ( notify | notify-passive | passive | refresh | <boolean> ); // deprecated
    	directory <quoted_string>;
    	disable-algorithms <string> { <string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times
    	disable-ds-digests <string> { <string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times
    	disable-empty-zone <string>; // may occur multiple times
    	dns64 <netprefix> {
    		break-dnssec <boolean>;
    		clients { <address_match_element>; ... };
    		exclude { <address_match_element>; ... };
    		mapped { <address_match_element>; ... };
    		recursive-only <boolean>;
    		suffix <ipv6_address>;
    	}; // may occur multiple times
    	dns64-contact <string>;
    	dns64-server <string>;
    	dnskey-sig-validity <integer>; // obsolete
    	dnsrps-enable <boolean>; // not configured
    	dnsrps-library <quoted_string>; // not configured
    	dnsrps-options { <unspecified-text> }; // not configured
    	dnssec-accept-expired <boolean>;
    	dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <boolean>; // obsolete
    	dnssec-loadkeys-interval <integer>;
    	dnssec-must-be-secure <string> <boolean>; // may occur multiple times, deprecated
    	dnssec-policy <string>;
    	dnssec-secure-to-insecure <boolean>; // obsolete
    	dnssec-update-mode ( maintain | no-resign ); // obsolete
    	dnssec-validation ( yes | no | auto );
    	dnstap { ( all | auth | client | forwarder | resolver | update ) [ ( query | response ) ]; ... }; // not configured
    	dnstap-identity ( <quoted_string> | none | hostname ); // not configured
    	dnstap-output ( file | unix ) <quoted_string> [ size ( unlimited | <size> ) ] [ versions ( unlimited | <integer> ) ] [ suffix ( increment | timestamp ) ]; // not configured
    	dnstap-version ( <quoted_string> | none ); // not configured
    	dual-stack-servers [ port <integer> ] { ( <quoted_string> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ); ... };
    	dump-file <quoted_string>;
    	edns-udp-size <integer>;
    	empty-contact <string>;
    	empty-server <string>;
    	empty-zones-enable <boolean>;
    	fetch-quota-params <integer> <fixedpoint> <fixedpoint> <fixedpoint>;
    	fetches-per-server <integer> [ ( drop | fail ) ];
    	fetches-per-zone <integer> [ ( drop | fail ) ];
    	flush-zones-on-shutdown <boolean>;
    	forward ( first | only );
    	forwarders [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ] { ( <ipv4_address> | <ipv6_address> ) [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	fstrm-set-buffer-hint <integer>; // not configured
    	fstrm-set-flush-timeout <integer>; // not configured
    	fstrm-set-input-queue-size <integer>; // not configured
    	fstrm-set-output-notify-threshold <integer>; // not configured
    	fstrm-set-output-queue-model ( mpsc | spsc ); // not configured
    	fstrm-set-output-queue-size <integer>; // not configured
    	fstrm-set-reopen-interval <duration>; // not configured
    	geoip-directory ( <quoted_string> | none );
    	heartbeat-interval <integer>; // deprecated
    	hostname ( <quoted_string> | none );
    	http-listener-clients <integer>;
    	http-port <integer>;
    	http-streams-per-connection <integer>;
    	https-port <integer>;
    	interface-interval <duration>;
    	ipv4only-contact <string>;
    	ipv4only-enable <boolean>;
    	ipv4only-server <string>;
    	ixfr-from-differences ( primary | master | secondary | slave | <boolean> );
    	keep-response-order { <address_match_element>; ... }; // obsolete
    	key-directory <quoted_string>;
    	lame-ttl <duration>;
    	listen-on [ port <integer> ] [ proxy <string> ] [ tls <string> ] [ http <string> ] { <address_match_element>; ... }; // may occur multiple times
    	listen-on-v6 [ port <integer> ] [ proxy <string> ] [ tls <string> ] [ http <string> ] { <address_match_element>; ... }; // may occur multiple times
    	lmdb-mapsize <sizeval>;
    	managed-keys-directory <quoted_string>;
    	masterfile-format ( raw | text );
    	masterfile-style ( full | relative );
    	match-mapped-addresses <boolean>;
    	max-cache-size ( default | unlimited | <sizeval> | <percentage> );
    	max-cache-ttl <duration>;
    	max-clients-per-query <integer>;
    	max-ixfr-ratio ( unlimited | <percentage> );
    	max-journal-size ( default | unlimited | <sizeval> );
    	max-ncache-ttl <duration>;
    	max-query-count <integer>;
    	max-query-restarts <integer>;
    	max-records <integer>;
    	max-records-per-type <integer>;
    	max-recursion-depth <integer>;
    	max-recursion-queries <integer>;
    	max-refresh-time <integer>;
    	max-retry-time <integer>;
    	max-rsa-exponent-size <integer>;
    	max-stale-ttl <duration>;
    	max-transfer-idle-in <integer>;
    	max-transfer-idle-out <integer>;
    	max-transfer-time-in <integer>;
    	max-transfer-time-out <integer>;
    	max-types-per-name <integer>;
    	max-udp-size <integer>;
    	max-validation-failures-per-fetch <integer>; // experimental
    	max-validations-per-fetch <integer>; // experimental
    	max-zone-ttl ( unlimited | <duration> ); // deprecated
    	memstatistics <boolean>;
    	memstatistics-file <quoted_string>;
    	message-compression <boolean>;
    	min-cache-ttl <duration>;
    	min-ncache-ttl <duration>;
    	min-refresh-time <integer>;
    	min-retry-time <integer>;
    	min-transfer-rate-in <integer> <integer>;
    	minimal-any <boolean>;
    	minimal-responses ( no-auth | no-auth-recursive | <boolean> );
    	multi-master <boolean>;
    	new-zones-directory <quoted_string>;
    	no-case-compress { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	nocookie-udp-size <integer>;
    	notify ( explicit | master-only | primary-only | <boolean> );
    	notify-defer <integer>;
    	notify-delay <integer>;
    	notify-rate <integer>;
    	notify-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	notify-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	notify-to-soa <boolean>;
    	nsec3-test-zone <boolean>; // test only
    	nta-lifetime <duration>;
    	nta-recheck <duration>;
    	nxdomain-redirect <string>;
    	parental-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	parental-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	pid-file ( <quoted_string> | none );
    	port <integer>;
    	preferred-glue <string>;
    	prefetch <integer> [ <integer> ];
    	provide-ixfr <boolean>;
    	qname-minimization ( strict | relaxed | disabled | off );
    	query-source [ address ] ( <ipv4_address> | * | none );
    	query-source-v6 [ address ] ( <ipv6_address> | * | none );
    	querylog <boolean>;
    	rate-limit {
    		all-per-second <integer>;
    		errors-per-second <integer>;
    		exempt-clients { <address_match_element>; ... };
    		ipv4-prefix-length <integer>;
    		ipv6-prefix-length <integer>;
    		log-only <boolean>;
    		max-table-size <integer>;
    		min-table-size <integer>;
    		nodata-per-second <integer>;
    		nxdomains-per-second <integer>;
    		qps-scale <integer>;
    		referrals-per-second <integer>;
    		responses-per-second <integer>;
    		slip <integer>;
    		window <integer>;
    	};
    	recursing-file <quoted_string>;
    	recursion <boolean>;
    	recursive-clients <integer>;
    	request-expire <boolean>;
    	request-ixfr <boolean>;
    	request-nsid <boolean>;
    	require-server-cookie <boolean>;
    	resolver-query-timeout <integer>;
    	resolver-use-dns64 <boolean>;
    	response-padding { <address_match_element>; ... } block-size <integer>;
    	response-policy { zone <string> [ add-soa <boolean> ] [ log <boolean> ] [ max-policy-ttl <duration> ] [ min-update-interval <duration> ] [ policy ( cname | disabled | drop | given | no-op | nodata | nxdomain | passthru | tcp-only <quoted_string> ) ] [ recursive-only <boolean> ] [ nsip-enable <boolean> ] [ nsdname-enable <boolean> ] [ ede <string> ]; ... } [ add-soa <boolean> ] [ break-dnssec <boolean> ] [ max-policy-ttl <duration> ] [ min-update-interval <duration> ] [ min-ns-dots <integer> ] [ nsip-wait-recurse <boolean> ] [ nsdname-wait-recurse <boolean> ] [ qname-wait-recurse <boolean> ] [ recursive-only <boolean> ] [ nsip-enable <boolean> ] [ nsdname-enable <boolean> ] [ dnsrps-enable <boolean> ] [ dnsrps-options { <unspecified-text> } ];
    	responselog <boolean>;
    	reuseport <boolean>;
    	root-key-sentinel <boolean>;
    	rrset-order { [ class <string> ] [ type <string> ] [ name <quoted_string> ] <string> <string>; ... };
    	secroots-file <quoted_string>;
    	send-cookie <boolean>;
    	serial-query-rate <integer>;
    	serial-update-method ( date | increment | unixtime );
    	server-id ( <quoted_string> | none | hostname );
    	servfail-ttl <duration>;
    	session-keyalg <string>;
    	session-keyfile ( <quoted_string> | none );
    	session-keyname <string>;
    	sig-signing-nodes <integer>;
    	sig-signing-signatures <integer>;
    	sig-signing-type <integer>;
    	sig-validity-interval <integer> [ <integer> ]; // obsolete
    	sig0checks-quota <integer>; // experimental
    	sig0checks-quota-exempt { <address_match_element>; ... }; // experimental
    	sig0key-checks-limit <integer>;
    	sig0message-checks-limit <integer>;
    	sortlist { <address_match_element>; ... }; // deprecated
    	stale-answer-client-timeout ( disabled | off | <integer> );
    	stale-answer-enable <boolean>;
    	stale-answer-ttl <duration>;
    	stale-cache-enable <boolean>;
    	stale-refresh-time <duration>;
    	startup-notify-rate <integer>;
    	statistics-file <quoted_string>;
    	synth-from-dnssec <boolean>;
    	tcp-advertised-timeout <integer>;
    	tcp-clients <integer>;
    	tcp-idle-timeout <integer>;
    	tcp-initial-timeout <integer>;
    	tcp-keepalive-timeout <integer>;
    	tcp-listen-queue <integer>;
    	tcp-receive-buffer <integer>;
    	tcp-send-buffer <integer>;
    	tkey-domain <quoted_string>;
    	tkey-gssapi-credential <quoted_string>;
    	tkey-gssapi-keytab <quoted_string>;
    	tls-port <integer>;
    	transfer-format ( many-answers | one-answer );
    	transfer-message-size <integer>;
    	transfer-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	transfer-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	transfers-in <integer>;
    	transfers-out <integer>;
    	transfers-per-ns <integer>;
    	trust-anchor-telemetry <boolean>;
    	try-tcp-refresh <boolean>;
    	udp-receive-buffer <integer>;
    	udp-send-buffer <integer>;
    	update-check-ksk <boolean>; // obsolete
    	update-quota <integer>;
    	use-v4-udp-ports { <portrange>; ... }; // deprecated
    	use-v6-udp-ports { <portrange>; ... }; // deprecated
    	v6-bias <integer>;
    	validate-except { <string>; ... };
    	version ( <quoted_string> | none );
    	zero-no-soa-ttl <boolean>;
    	zero-no-soa-ttl-cache <boolean>;
    	zone-statistics ( full | terse | none | <boolean> );
    };

    plugin ( query ) <string> [ { <unspecified-text> } ]; // may occur multiple times

    remote-servers <string> [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... }; // may occur multiple times

    server <netprefix> {
    	bogus <boolean>;
    	edns <boolean>;
    	edns-udp-size <integer>;
    	edns-version <integer>;
    	keys <server_key>;
    	max-udp-size <integer>;
    	notify-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	notify-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	padding <integer>;
    	provide-ixfr <boolean>;
    	query-source [ address ] ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	query-source-v6 [ address ] ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	request-expire <boolean>;
    	request-ixfr <boolean>;
    	request-nsid <boolean>;
    	require-cookie <boolean>;
    	send-cookie <boolean>;
    	tcp-keepalive <boolean>;
    	tcp-only <boolean>;
    	transfer-format ( many-answers | one-answer );
    	transfer-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	transfer-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	transfers <integer>;
    }; // may occur multiple times

    statistics-channels {
    	inet ( <ipv4_address> | <ipv6_address> | * ) [ port ( <integer> | * ) ] [ allow { <address_match_element>; ... } ]; // may occur multiple times
    }; // may occur multiple times

    tls <string> {
    	ca-file <quoted_string>;
    	cert-file <quoted_string>;
    	cipher-suites <string>;
    	ciphers <string>;
    	dhparam-file <quoted_string>;
    	key-file <quoted_string>;
    	prefer-server-ciphers <boolean>;
    	protocols { <string>; ... };
    	remote-hostname <quoted_string>;
    	session-tickets <boolean>;
    }; // may occur multiple times

    trust-anchors { <string> ( static-key | initial-key | static-ds | initial-ds ) <integer> <integer> <integer> <quoted_string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times

    trusted-keys { <string> <integer> <integer> <integer> <quoted_string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times, deprecated

    view <string> [ <class> ] {
    	allow-new-zones <boolean>;
    	allow-notify { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-proxy { <address_match_element>; ... }; // experimental
    	allow-proxy-on { <address_match_element>; ... }; // experimental
    	allow-query { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-cache { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-cache-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-recursion { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-recursion-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-transfer [ port <integer> ] [ transport <string> ] { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-update { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-update-forwarding { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	also-notify [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	attach-cache <string>;
    	auth-nxdomain <boolean>;
    	catalog-zones { zone <string> [ default-primaries [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... } ] [ zone-directory <quoted_string> ] [ in-memory <boolean> ] [ min-update-interval <duration> ]; ... };
    	check-dup-records ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-integrity <boolean>;
    	check-mx ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-mx-cname ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-names ( primary | master | secondary | slave | response ) ( fail | warn | ignore ); // may occur multiple times
    	check-sibling <boolean>;
    	check-spf ( warn | ignore );
    	check-srv-cname ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-svcb <boolean>;
    	check-wildcard <boolean>;
    	clients-per-query <integer>;
    	deny-answer-addresses { <address_match_element>; ... } [ except-from { <string>; ... } ];
    	deny-answer-aliases { <string>; ... } [ except-from { <string>; ... } ];
    	dialup ( notify | notify-passive | passive | refresh | <boolean> ); // deprecated
    	disable-algorithms <string> { <string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times
    	disable-ds-digests <string> { <string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times
    	disable-empty-zone <string>; // may occur multiple times
    	dlz <string> {
    		database <string>;
    		search <boolean>;
    	}; // may occur multiple times
    	dns64 <netprefix> {
    		break-dnssec <boolean>;
    		clients { <address_match_element>; ... };
    		exclude { <address_match_element>; ... };
    		mapped { <address_match_element>; ... };
    		recursive-only <boolean>;
    		suffix <ipv6_address>;
    	}; // may occur multiple times
    	dns64-contact <string>;
    	dns64-server <string>;
    	dnskey-sig-validity <integer>; // obsolete
    	dnsrps-enable <boolean>; // not configured
    	dnsrps-options { <unspecified-text> }; // not configured
    	dnssec-accept-expired <boolean>;
    	dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <boolean>; // obsolete
    	dnssec-loadkeys-interval <integer>;
    	dnssec-must-be-secure <string> <boolean>; // may occur multiple times, deprecated
    	dnssec-policy <string>;
    	dnssec-secure-to-insecure <boolean>; // obsolete
    	dnssec-update-mode ( maintain | no-resign ); // obsolete
    	dnssec-validation ( yes | no | auto );
    	dnstap { ( all | auth | client | forwarder | resolver | update ) [ ( query | response ) ]; ... }; // not configured
    	dual-stack-servers [ port <integer> ] { ( <quoted_string> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ); ... };
    	dyndb <string> <quoted_string> { <unspecified-text> }; // may occur multiple times
    	edns-udp-size <integer>;
    	empty-contact <string>;
    	empty-server <string>;
    	empty-zones-enable <boolean>;
    	fetch-quota-params <integer> <fixedpoint> <fixedpoint> <fixedpoint>;
    	fetches-per-server <integer> [ ( drop | fail ) ];
    	fetches-per-zone <integer> [ ( drop | fail ) ];
    	forward ( first | only );
    	forwarders [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ] { ( <ipv4_address> | <ipv6_address> ) [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	ipv4only-contact <string>;
    	ipv4only-enable <boolean>;
    	ipv4only-server <string>;
    	ixfr-from-differences ( primary | master | secondary | slave | <boolean> );
    	key <string> {
    		algorithm <string>;
    		secret <string>;
    	}; // may occur multiple times
    	key-directory <quoted_string>;
    	lame-ttl <duration>;
    	lmdb-mapsize <sizeval>;
    	managed-keys { <string> ( static-key | initial-key | static-ds | initial-ds ) <integer> <integer> <integer> <quoted_string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times, deprecated
    	masterfile-format ( raw | text );
    	masterfile-style ( full | relative );
    	match-clients { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	match-destinations { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	match-recursive-only <boolean>;
    	max-cache-size ( default | unlimited | <sizeval> | <percentage> );
    	max-cache-ttl <duration>;
    	max-clients-per-query <integer>;
    	max-ixfr-ratio ( unlimited | <percentage> );
    	max-journal-size ( default | unlimited | <sizeval> );
    	max-ncache-ttl <duration>;
    	max-query-count <integer>;
    	max-query-restarts <integer>;
    	max-records <integer>;
    	max-records-per-type <integer>;
    	max-recursion-depth <integer>;
    	max-recursion-queries <integer>;
    	max-refresh-time <integer>;
    	max-retry-time <integer>;
    	max-stale-ttl <duration>;
    	max-transfer-idle-in <integer>;
    	max-transfer-idle-out <integer>;
    	max-transfer-time-in <integer>;
    	max-transfer-time-out <integer>;
    	max-types-per-name <integer>;
    	max-udp-size <integer>;
    	max-validation-failures-per-fetch <integer>; // experimental
    	max-validations-per-fetch <integer>; // experimental
    	max-zone-ttl ( unlimited | <duration> ); // deprecated
    	message-compression <boolean>;
    	min-cache-ttl <duration>;
    	min-ncache-ttl <duration>;
    	min-refresh-time <integer>;
    	min-retry-time <integer>;
    	min-transfer-rate-in <integer> <integer>;
    	minimal-any <boolean>;
    	minimal-responses ( no-auth | no-auth-recursive | <boolean> );
    	multi-master <boolean>;
    	new-zones-directory <quoted_string>;
    	no-case-compress { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	nocookie-udp-size <integer>;
    	notify ( explicit | master-only | primary-only | <boolean> );
    	notify-defer <integer>;
    	notify-delay <integer>;
    	notify-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	notify-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	notify-to-soa <boolean>;
    	nsec3-test-zone <boolean>; // test only
    	nta-lifetime <duration>;
    	nta-recheck <duration>;
    	nxdomain-redirect <string>;
    	parental-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	parental-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	plugin ( query ) <string> [ { <unspecified-text> } ]; // may occur multiple times
    	preferred-glue <string>;
    	prefetch <integer> [ <integer> ];
    	provide-ixfr <boolean>;
    	qname-minimization ( strict | relaxed | disabled | off );
    	query-source [ address ] ( <ipv4_address> | * | none );
    	query-source-v6 [ address ] ( <ipv6_address> | * | none );
    	rate-limit {
    		all-per-second <integer>;
    		errors-per-second <integer>;
    		exempt-clients { <address_match_element>; ... };
    		ipv4-prefix-length <integer>;
    		ipv6-prefix-length <integer>;
    		log-only <boolean>;
    		max-table-size <integer>;
    		min-table-size <integer>;
    		nodata-per-second <integer>;
    		nxdomains-per-second <integer>;
    		qps-scale <integer>;
    		referrals-per-second <integer>;
    		responses-per-second <integer>;
    		slip <integer>;
    		window <integer>;
    	};
    	recursion <boolean>;
    	request-expire <boolean>;
    	request-ixfr <boolean>;
    	request-nsid <boolean>;
    	require-server-cookie <boolean>;
    	resolver-query-timeout <integer>;
    	resolver-use-dns64 <boolean>;
    	response-padding { <address_match_element>; ... } block-size <integer>;
    	response-policy { zone <string> [ add-soa <boolean> ] [ log <boolean> ] [ max-policy-ttl <duration> ] [ min-update-interval <duration> ] [ policy ( cname | disabled | drop | given | no-op | nodata | nxdomain | passthru | tcp-only <quoted_string> ) ] [ recursive-only <boolean> ] [ nsip-enable <boolean> ] [ nsdname-enable <boolean> ] [ ede <string> ]; ... } [ add-soa <boolean> ] [ break-dnssec <boolean> ] [ max-policy-ttl <duration> ] [ min-update-interval <duration> ] [ min-ns-dots <integer> ] [ nsip-wait-recurse <boolean> ] [ nsdname-wait-recurse <boolean> ] [ qname-wait-recurse <boolean> ] [ recursive-only <boolean> ] [ nsip-enable <boolean> ] [ nsdname-enable <boolean> ] [ dnsrps-enable <boolean> ] [ dnsrps-options { <unspecified-text> } ];
    	root-key-sentinel <boolean>;
    	rrset-order { [ class <string> ] [ type <string> ] [ name <quoted_string> ] <string> <string>; ... };
    	send-cookie <boolean>;
    	serial-update-method ( date | increment | unixtime );
    	server <netprefix> {
    		bogus <boolean>;
    		edns <boolean>;
    		edns-udp-size <integer>;
    		edns-version <integer>;
    		keys <server_key>;
    		max-udp-size <integer>;
    		notify-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    		notify-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    		padding <integer>;
    		provide-ixfr <boolean>;
    		query-source [ address ] ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    		query-source-v6 [ address ] ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    		request-expire <boolean>;
    		request-ixfr <boolean>;
    		request-nsid <boolean>;
    		require-cookie <boolean>;
    		send-cookie <boolean>;
    		tcp-keepalive <boolean>;
    		tcp-only <boolean>;
    		transfer-format ( many-answers | one-answer );
    		transfer-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    		transfer-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    		transfers <integer>;
    	}; // may occur multiple times
    	servfail-ttl <duration>;
    	sig-signing-nodes <integer>;
    	sig-signing-signatures <integer>;
    	sig-signing-type <integer>;
    	sig-validity-interval <integer> [ <integer> ]; // obsolete
    	sig0key-checks-limit <integer>;
    	sig0message-checks-limit <integer>;
    	sortlist { <address_match_element>; ... }; // deprecated
    	stale-answer-client-timeout ( disabled | off | <integer> );
    	stale-answer-enable <boolean>;
    	stale-answer-ttl <duration>;
    	stale-cache-enable <boolean>;
    	stale-refresh-time <duration>;
    	synth-from-dnssec <boolean>;
    	transfer-format ( many-answers | one-answer );
    	transfer-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	transfer-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	trust-anchor-telemetry <boolean>;
    	trust-anchors { <string> ( static-key | initial-key | static-ds | initial-ds ) <integer> <integer> <integer> <quoted_string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times
    	trusted-keys { <string> <integer> <integer> <integer> <quoted_string>; ... }; // may occur multiple times, deprecated
    	try-tcp-refresh <boolean>;
    	update-check-ksk <boolean>; // obsolete
    	v6-bias <integer>;
    	validate-except { <string>; ... };
    	zero-no-soa-ttl <boolean>;
    	zero-no-soa-ttl-cache <boolean>;
    	zone-statistics ( full | terse | none | <boolean> );
    }; // may occur multiple times

Any of these zone statements can also be set inside the view statement.

    zone <string> [ <class> ] {
    	type primary;
    	allow-query { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-transfer [ port <integer> ] [ transport <string> ] { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-update { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	also-notify [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	check-dup-records ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-integrity <boolean>;
    	check-mx ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-mx-cname ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-names ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-sibling <boolean>;
    	check-spf ( warn | ignore );
    	check-srv-cname ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	check-svcb <boolean>;
    	check-wildcard <boolean>;
    	checkds ( explicit | <boolean> );
    	database <string>;
    	dialup ( notify | notify-passive | passive | refresh | <boolean> ); // deprecated
    	dlz <string>;
    	dnskey-sig-validity <integer>; // obsolete
    	dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <boolean>; // obsolete
    	dnssec-loadkeys-interval <integer>;
    	dnssec-policy <string>;
    	dnssec-secure-to-insecure <boolean>; // obsolete
    	dnssec-update-mode ( maintain | no-resign ); // obsolete
    	file <quoted_string>;
    	forward ( first | only );
    	forwarders [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ] { ( <ipv4_address> | <ipv6_address> ) [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	inline-signing <boolean>;
    	ixfr-from-differences <boolean>;
    	journal <quoted_string>;
    	key-directory <quoted_string>;
    	masterfile-format ( raw | text );
    	masterfile-style ( full | relative );
    	max-ixfr-ratio ( unlimited | <percentage> );
    	max-journal-size ( default | unlimited | <sizeval> );
    	max-records <integer>;
    	max-records-per-type <integer>;
    	max-transfer-idle-out <integer>;
    	max-transfer-time-out <integer>;
    	max-types-per-name <integer>;
    	max-zone-ttl ( unlimited | <duration> ); // deprecated
    	notify ( explicit | master-only | primary-only | <boolean> );
    	notify-defer <integer>;
    	notify-delay <integer>;
    	notify-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	notify-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	notify-to-soa <boolean>;
    	nsec3-test-zone <boolean>; // test only
    	parental-agents [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	parental-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	parental-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	serial-update-method ( date | increment | unixtime );
    	sig-signing-nodes <integer>;
    	sig-signing-signatures <integer>;
    	sig-signing-type <integer>;
    	sig-validity-interval <integer> [ <integer> ]; // obsolete
    	update-check-ksk <boolean>; // obsolete
    	update-policy ( local | { ( deny | grant ) <string> ( 6to4-self | external | krb5-self | krb5-selfsub | krb5-subdomain | krb5-subdomain-self-rhs | ms-self | ms-selfsub | ms-subdomain | ms-subdomain-self-rhs | name | self | selfsub | selfwild | subdomain | tcp-self | wildcard | zonesub ) [ <string> ] <rrtypelist>; ... } );
    	zero-no-soa-ttl <boolean>;
    	zone-statistics ( full | terse | none | <boolean> );
    };

    zone <string> [ <class> ] {
    	type secondary;
    	allow-notify { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-transfer [ port <integer> ] [ transport <string> ] { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-update-forwarding { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	also-notify [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	check-names ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	checkds ( explicit | <boolean> );
    	database <string>;
    	dialup ( notify | notify-passive | passive | refresh | <boolean> ); // deprecated
    	dlz <string>;
    	dnskey-sig-validity <integer>; // obsolete
    	dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <boolean>; // obsolete
    	dnssec-loadkeys-interval <integer>;
    	dnssec-policy <string>;
    	dnssec-update-mode ( maintain | no-resign ); // obsolete
    	file <quoted_string>;
    	forward ( first | only );
    	forwarders [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ] { ( <ipv4_address> | <ipv6_address> ) [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	inline-signing <boolean>;
    	ixfr-from-differences <boolean>;
    	journal <quoted_string>;
    	key-directory <quoted_string>;
    	masterfile-format ( raw | text );
    	masterfile-style ( full | relative );
    	max-ixfr-ratio ( unlimited | <percentage> );
    	max-journal-size ( default | unlimited | <sizeval> );
    	max-records <integer>;
    	max-records-per-type <integer>;
    	max-refresh-time <integer>;
    	max-retry-time <integer>;
    	max-transfer-idle-in <integer>;
    	max-transfer-idle-out <integer>;
    	max-transfer-time-in <integer>;
    	max-transfer-time-out <integer>;
    	max-types-per-name <integer>;
    	min-refresh-time <integer>;
    	min-retry-time <integer>;
    	min-transfer-rate-in <integer> <integer>;
    	multi-master <boolean>;
    	notify ( explicit | master-only | primary-only | <boolean> );
    	notify-defer <integer>;
    	notify-delay <integer>;
    	notify-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	notify-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	notify-to-soa <boolean>;
    	nsec3-test-zone <boolean>; // test only
    	parental-agents [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	parental-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	parental-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	primaries [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	request-expire <boolean>;
    	request-ixfr <boolean>;
    	sig-signing-nodes <integer>;
    	sig-signing-signatures <integer>;
    	sig-signing-type <integer>;
    	sig-validity-interval <integer> [ <integer> ]; // obsolete
    	transfer-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	transfer-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	try-tcp-refresh <boolean>;
    	update-check-ksk <boolean>; // obsolete
    	zero-no-soa-ttl <boolean>;
    	zone-statistics ( full | terse | none | <boolean> );
    };

    zone <string> [ <class> ] {
    	type mirror;
    	allow-notify { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-transfer [ port <integer> ] [ transport <string> ] { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-update-forwarding { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	also-notify [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	check-names ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	database <string>;
    	file <quoted_string>;
    	ixfr-from-differences <boolean>;
    	journal <quoted_string>;
    	masterfile-format ( raw | text );
    	masterfile-style ( full | relative );
    	max-ixfr-ratio ( unlimited | <percentage> );
    	max-journal-size ( default | unlimited | <sizeval> );
    	max-records <integer>;
    	max-records-per-type <integer>;
    	max-refresh-time <integer>;
    	max-retry-time <integer>;
    	max-transfer-idle-in <integer>;
    	max-transfer-idle-out <integer>;
    	max-transfer-time-in <integer>;
    	max-transfer-time-out <integer>;
    	max-types-per-name <integer>;
    	min-refresh-time <integer>;
    	min-retry-time <integer>;
    	min-transfer-rate-in <integer> <integer>;
    	multi-master <boolean>;
    	notify ( explicit | master-only | primary-only | <boolean> );
    	notify-defer <integer>;
    	notify-delay <integer>;
    	notify-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	notify-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	primaries [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	request-expire <boolean>;
    	request-ixfr <boolean>;
    	transfer-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	transfer-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	try-tcp-refresh <boolean>;
    	zero-no-soa-ttl <boolean>;
    	zone-statistics ( full | terse | none | <boolean> );
    };

    zone <string> [ <class> ] {
    	type forward;
    	forward ( first | only );
    	forwarders [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ] { ( <ipv4_address> | <ipv6_address> ) [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    };

    zone <string> [ <class> ] {
    	type hint;
    	check-names ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	file <quoted_string>;
    };

    zone <string> [ <class> ] {
    	type redirect;
    	allow-query { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	dlz <string>;
    	file <quoted_string>;
    	masterfile-format ( raw | text );
    	masterfile-style ( full | relative );
    	max-records <integer>;
    	max-records-per-type <integer>;
    	max-types-per-name <integer>;
    	max-zone-ttl ( unlimited | <duration> ); // deprecated
    	primaries [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	zone-statistics ( full | terse | none | <boolean> );
    };

    zone <string> [ <class> ] {
    	type static-stub;
    	allow-query { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	forward ( first | only );
    	forwarders [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ] { ( <ipv4_address> | <ipv6_address> ) [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	max-records <integer>;
    	max-records-per-type <integer>;
    	max-types-per-name <integer>;
    	server-addresses { ( <ipv4_address> | <ipv6_address> ); ... };
    	server-names { <string>; ... };
    	zone-statistics ( full | terse | none | <boolean> );
    };

    zone <string> [ <class> ] {
    	type stub;
    	allow-query { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	allow-query-on { <address_match_element>; ... };
    	check-names ( fail | warn | ignore );
    	database <string>;
    	dialup ( notify | notify-passive | passive | refresh | <boolean> ); // deprecated
    	file <quoted_string>;
    	forward ( first | only );
    	forwarders [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ] { ( <ipv4_address> | <ipv6_address> ) [ port <integer> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	masterfile-format ( raw | text );
    	masterfile-style ( full | relative );
    	max-records <integer>;
    	max-records-per-type <integer>;
    	max-refresh-time <integer>;
    	max-retry-time <integer>;
    	max-transfer-idle-in <integer>;
    	max-transfer-time-in <integer>;
    	max-types-per-name <integer>;
    	min-refresh-time <integer>;
    	min-retry-time <integer>;
    	min-transfer-rate-in <integer> <integer>;
    	multi-master <boolean>;
    	primaries [ port <integer> ] [ source ( <ipv4_address> | * ) ] [ source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * ) ] { ( <server-list> | <ipv4_address> [ port <integer> ] | <ipv6_address> [ port <integer> ] ) [ key <string> ] [ tls <string> ]; ... };
    	transfer-source ( <ipv4_address> | * );
    	transfer-source-v6 ( <ipv6_address> | * );
    	zone-statistics ( full | terse | none | <boolean> );
    };

    zone <string> [ <class> ] {
    	in-view <string>;
    };

### Files

`/etc/bind/named.conf`

### See Also

`named(8)`, `named-checkconf(8)`, `rndc(8)`, `rndc-confgen(8)`, `tsig-keygen(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## named - Internet domain name server

### Synopsis

named [ [-4] | [-6] ] [-c config-file] [-C] [-d debug-level] [-D string] [-E engine-name] [-f] [-g] [-L logfile] [-M option] [-m flag] [-n #cpus] [-p port] [-s] [-t directory] [-u user] [-v] [-V] ]

### Description

named is a Domain Name System (DNS) server, part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more information on the DNS, see RFC 1033, RFC 1034, and RFC 1035.

When invoked without arguments, named reads the default configuration file `/etc/bind/named.conf`, reads any initial data, and listens for queries.

### Options

-4

  This option tells named to use only IPv4, even if the host machine is capable of IPv6. `-4` and `-6` are mutually exclusive.

-6

  This option tells named to use only IPv6, even if the host machine is capable of IPv4. `-4` and `-6` are mutually exclusive.

-c config-file

  This option tells named to use `config-file` as its configuration file instead of the default, `/etc/bind/named.conf`. To ensure that the configuration file can be reloaded after the server has changed its working directory due to to a possible `directory` option in the configuration file, `config-file` should be an absolute pathname.

-C

  This option prints out the default built-in configuration and exits.

  NOTE: This is for debugging purposes only and is not an accurate representation of the actual configuration used by `named` at runtime.

-d debug-level

  This option sets the daemon’s debug level to `debug-level`. Debugging traces from named become more verbose as the debug level increases.

-D string

  This option specifies a string that is used to identify a instance of named in a process listing. The contents of `string` are not examined.

-E engine-name

  When applicable, this option specifies the hardware to use for cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used for signing.

  When BIND 9 is built with OpenSSL, this needs to be set to the OpenSSL engine identifier that drives the cryptographic accelerator or hardware service module (usually `pkcs11`).

-f

  This option runs the server in the foreground (i.e., do not daemonize).

-F

  This options turns on FIPS (US Federal Information Processing Standards) mode if the underlying crytographic library supports running in FIPS mode.

-g

  This option runs the server in the foreground and forces all logging to `stderr`.

-L logfile

  This option sets the log to the file `logfile` by default, instead of the system log.

-M option

  This option sets the default (comma-separated) memory context options. The possible flags are:

  - `fill`: fill blocks of memory with tag values when they are allocated or freed, to assist debugging of memory problems; this is the implicit default if named has been compiled with `--enable-developer`.

  - `nofill`: disable the behavior enabled by `fill`; this is the implicit default unless named has been compiled with `--enable-developer`.

-m flag

  This option turns on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are `usage`, `trace` and `record`. These correspond to the `ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX` flags described in `<isc/mem.h>`.

-n #cpus

  This option creates `#cpus` worker threads to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified, named tries to determine the number of CPUs present and creates one thread per CPU. If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a single worker thread is created.

-p value

  This option specifies the port(s) on which the server will listen for queries. If `value` is of the form `<portnum>` or `dns=<portnum>`, the server will listen for DNS queries on `portnum`; if not not specified, the default is port 53. If `value` is of the form `tls=<portnum>`, the server will listen for TLS queries on `portnum`; the default is 853. If `value` is of the form `https=<portnum>`, the server will listen for HTTPS queries on `portnum`; the default is 443. If `value` is of the form `http=<portnum>`, the server will listen for HTTP queries on `portnum`; the default is 80.

-s

  This option writes memory usage statistics to `stdout` on exit.

Note

This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a future release.

-t directory

  This option tells named to chroot to `directory` after processing the command-line arguments, but before reading the configuration file.

Warning

This option should be used in conjunction with the `-u` option, as chrooting a process running as root doesn’t enhance security on most systems; the way `chroot` is defined allows a process with root privileges to escape a chroot jail.

-U #listeners

  This option has been removed. Attempts to use it now result in a warning.

-u user

  This option sets the setuid to `user` after completing privileged operations, such as creating sockets that listen on privileged ports.

Note

On Linux, named uses the kernel’s capability mechanism to drop all root privileges except the ability to `bind` to a privileged port and set process resource limits. Unfortunately, this means that the `-u` option only works when named is run on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges to be retained after `setuid`.

-v

  This option reports the version number and exits.

-V

  This option reports the version number, build options, supported cryptographics algorithms, and exits.

-X lock-file

  This option has been removed and using it will cause a fatal error.

### Signals

In routine operation, signals should not be used to control the nameserver; `rndc` should be used instead.

SIGHUP

  This signal forces a reload of the server.

SIGINT, SIGTERM

  These signals shut down the server.

The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.

### Configuration

The named configuration file is too complex to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

named inherits the `umask` (file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files created by named, such as journal files, need to have custom permissions, the `umask` should be set explicitly in the script used to start the named process.

### Files

`/etc/bind/named.conf`

  The default configuration file.

`/run/named.pid`

  The default process-id file.

### See Also

RFC 1033, RFC 1034, RFC 1035, `named-checkconf(8)`, `named-checkzone(8)`, `rndc(8)`, `named.conf(5)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## nsec3hash - generate NSEC3 hash

### Synopsis

nsec3hash {salt} {algorithm} {iterations} {domain}

nsec3hash -r {algorithm} {flags} {iterations} {salt} {domain}

### Description

nsec3hash generates an NSEC3 hash based on a set of NSEC3 parameters. This can be used to check the validity of NSEC3 records in a signed zone.

If this command is invoked as `nsec3hash -r`, it takes arguments in order, matching the first four fields of an NSEC3 record followed by the domain name: `algorithm`, `flags`, `iterations`, `salt`, `domain`. This makes it convenient to copy and paste a portion of an NSEC3 or NSEC3PARAM record into a command line to confirm the correctness of an NSEC3 hash.

### Arguments

salt

  This is the salt provided to the hash algorithm.

algorithm

  This is a number indicating the hash algorithm. Currently the only supported hash algorithm for NSEC3 is SHA-1, which is indicated by the number 1; consequently “1” is the only useful value for this argument.

flags

  This is provided for compatibility with NSEC3 record presentation format, but is ignored since the flags do not affect the hash.

iterations

  This is the number of additional times the hash should be performed.

domain

  This is the domain name to be hashed.

### See Also

BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 5155.

## nslookup - query Internet name servers interactively

### Synopsis

nslookup [-option] [name | -] [server]

### Description

nslookup is a program to query Internet domain name servers. nslookup has two modes: interactive and non-interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to query name servers for information about various hosts and domains or to print a list of hosts in a domain. Non-interactive mode prints just the name and requested information for a host or domain.

### Arguments

Interactive mode is entered in the following cases:

1. when no arguments are given (the default name server is used);

2. when the first argument is a hyphen (-) and the second argument is the host name or Internet address of a name server.

Non-interactive mode is used when the name or Internet address of the host to be looked up is given as the first argument. The optional second argument specifies the host name or address of a name server.

Options can also be specified on the command line if they precede the arguments and are prefixed with a hyphen. For example, to change the default query type to host information, with an initial timeout of 10 seconds, type:

    nslookup -query=hinfo  -timeout=10

The `-version` option causes nslookup to print the version number and immediately exit.

### Interactive Commands

`host [server]`

  This command looks up information for `host` using the current default server or using `server`, if specified. If `host` is an Internet address and the query type is A or PTR, the name of the host is returned. If `host` is a name and does not have a trailing period (`.`), the search list is used to qualify the name.

  To look up a host not in the current domain, append a period to the name.

`server domain` | `lserver domain`

  These commands change the default server to `domain`; `lserver` uses the initial server to look up information about `domain`, while `server` uses the current default server. If an authoritative answer cannot be found, the names of servers that might have the answer are returned.

`root`

  This command is not implemented.

`finger`

  This command is not implemented.

`ls`

  This command is not implemented.

`view`

  This command is not implemented.

`help`

  This command is not implemented.

`?`

  This command is not implemented.

`exit`

  This command exits the program.

`set keyword[=value]`

  This command is used to change state information that affects the lookups. Valid keywords are:

  `all`

    This keyword prints the current values of the frequently used options to `set`. Information about the current default server and host is also printed.

  `class=value`

    This keyword changes the query class to one of:

    `IN`

      the Internet class

    `CH`

      the Chaos class

    `HS`

      the Hesiod class

    `ANY`

      wildcard

    The class specifies the protocol group of the information. The default is `IN`; the abbreviation for this keyword is `cl`.

  `nodebug`

    This keyword turns on or off the display of the full response packet, and any intermediate response packets, when searching. The default for this keyword is `nodebug`; the abbreviation for this keyword is `[no]deb`.

  `nod2`

    This keyword turns debugging mode on or off. This displays more about what nslookup is doing. The default is `nod2`.

  `domain=name`

    This keyword sets the search list to `name`.

  `nosearch`

    If the lookup request contains at least one period, but does not end with a trailing period, this keyword appends the domain names in the domain search list to the request until an answer is received. The default is `search`.

  `port=value`

    This keyword changes the default TCP/UDP name server port to `value` from its default, port 53. The abbreviation for this keyword is `po`.

  `querytype=value` | `type=value`

    This keyword changes the type of the information query to `value`. The defaults are A and then AAAA; the abbreviations for these keywords are `q` and `ty`.

    Please note that it is only possible to specify one query type. Only the default behavior looks up both when an alternative is not specified.

  `norecurse`

    This keyword tells the name server to query other servers if it does not have the information. The default is `recurse`; the abbreviation for this keyword is `[no]rec`.

  `ndots=number`

    This keyword sets the number of dots (label separators) in a domain that disables searching. Absolute names always stop searching.

  `retry=number`

    This keyword sets the number of retries to `number`.

  `timeout=number`

    This keyword changes the initial timeout interval to wait for a reply to `number`, in seconds.

  `novc`

    This keyword indicates that a virtual circuit should always be used when sending requests to the server. `novc` is the default.

  `nofail`

    This keyword tries the next nameserver if a nameserver responds with SERVFAIL or a referral (nofail), or terminates the query (fail) on such a response. The default is `nofail`.

### Return Values

nslookup returns with an exit status of 1 if any query failed, and 0 otherwise.

### IDN Support

If nslookup has been built with IDN (internationalized domain name) support, it can accept and display non-ASCII domain names. nslookup appropriately converts character encoding of a domain name before sending a request to a DNS server or displaying a reply from the server. To turn off IDN support, define the `IDN_DISABLE` environment variable. IDN support is disabled if the variable is set when nslookup runs, or when the standard output is not a tty.

### Files

`/etc/resolv.conf`

### See Also

`dig(1)`, `host(1)`, `named(8)`.

## nsupdate - dynamic DNS update utility

### Synopsis

nsupdate [-d] [-D] [-i] [-L level] [ [-g] | [-o] | [-l] | [-y [hmac:]keyname:secret] | [-k keyfile] ] [ [-S] [-K tlskeyfile] [-E tlscertfile] [-A tlscafile] [-H tlshostname] [-O] ] [-t timeout] [-u udptimeout] [-r udpretries] [-v] [-T] [-P] [-V] [ [-4] | [-6] ] [filename]

### Description

nsupdate is used to submit Dynamic DNS Update requests, as defined in RFC 2136, to a name server. This allows resource records to be added or removed from a zone without manually editing the zone file. A single update request can contain requests to add or remove more than one resource record.

Zones that are under dynamic control via nsupdate or a DHCP server should not be edited by hand. Manual edits could conflict with dynamic updates and cause data to be lost.

The resource records that are dynamically added or removed with nsupdate must be in the same zone. Requests are sent to the zone’s primary server, which is identified by the MNAME field of the zone’s SOA record.

Transaction signatures can be used to authenticate the Dynamic DNS updates. These use the TSIG resource record type described in RFC 2845, the SIG(0) record described in RFC 2535 and RFC 2931, or GSS-TSIG as described in RFC 3645.

TSIG relies on a shared secret that should only be known to nsupdate and the name server. For instance, suitable `key` and `server` statements are added to `/etc/bind/named.conf` so that the name server can associate the appropriate secret key and algorithm with the IP address of the client application that is using TSIG authentication. `ddns-confgen` can generate suitable configuration fragments. nsupdate uses the `-y` or `-k` options to provide the TSIG shared secret; these options are mutually exclusive.

SIG(0) uses public key cryptography. To use a SIG(0) key, the public key must be stored in a KEY record in a zone served by the name server.

GSS-TSIG uses Kerberos credentials. Standard GSS-TSIG mode is switched on with the `-g` flag. A non-standards-compliant variant of GSS-TSIG used by Windows 2000 can be switched on with the `-o` flag.

### Options

-4

  This option sets use of IPv4 only.

-6

  This option sets use of IPv6 only.

-A tlscafile

  This option specifies the file of the certificate authorities (CA) certificates (in PEM format) in order to verify the remote server TLS certificate when using DNS-over-TLS (DoT), to achieve Strict or Mutual TLS. When used, it will override the certificates from the global certificates store, which are otherwise used by default when `-S` is enabled. This option can not be used in conjuction with `-O`, and it implies `-S`.

-C

  Overrides the default resolv.conf file. This is only intended for testing.

-d

  This option sets debug mode, which provides tracing information about the update requests that are made and the replies received from the name server.

-D

  This option sets extra debug mode.

-E tlscertfile

  This option sets the certificate(s) file for authentication for the DNS-over-TLS (DoT) transport to the remote server. The certificate chain file is expected to be in PEM format. This option implies `-S`, and can only be used with `-K`.

-g

  This option enables standard GSS-TSIG mode.

-H tlshostname

  This option makes nsupdate use the provided hostname during remote server TLS certificate verification. Otherwise, the DNS server name is used. This option implies `-S`.

-i

  This option forces interactive mode, even when standard input is not a terminal.

-k keyfile

  This option indicates the file containing the TSIG authentication key. Keyfiles may be in two formats: a single file containing a `named.conf`-format `key` statement, which may be generated automatically by `ddns-confgen`; or a pair of files whose names are of the format `K{name}.+157.+{random}.key` and `K{name}.+157.+{random}.private`, which can be generated by `dnssec-keygen`. The `-k` option can also be used to specify a SIG(0) key used to authenticate Dynamic DNS update requests. In this case, the key specified is not an HMAC-MD5 key.

-K tlskeyfile

  This option sets the key file for authenticated encryption for the DNS-over-TLS (DoT) transport with the remote server. The private key file is expected to be in PEM format. This option implies `-S`, and can only be used with `-E`.

-l

  This option sets local-host only mode, which sets the server address to localhost (disabling the `server` so that the server address cannot be overridden). Connections to the local server use a TSIG key found in `/run/session.key`, which is automatically generated by `named` if any local `primary` zone has set `update-policy` to `local`. The location of this key file can be overridden with the `-k` option.

-L level

  This option sets the logging debug level. If zero, logging is disabled.

-o

  This option is deprecated. Previously, it enabled a non-standards-compliant variant of GSS-TSIG that was used by Windows 2000. Since that OS is now long past its end of life, this option is now treated as a synonym for `-g`.

-O

  This option enables Opportunistic TLS. When used, the remote peer’s TLS certificate will not be verified. This option should be used for debugging purposes only, and it is not recommended to use it in production. This option can not be used in conjuction with `-A`, and it implies `-S`.

-p port

  This option sets the port to use for connections to a name server. The default is 53.

-P

  This option prints the list of private BIND-specific resource record types whose format is understood by nsupdate. See also the `-T` option.

-r udpretries

  This option sets the number of UDP retries. The default is 3. If zero, only one update request is made.

-S

  This option indicates whether to use DNS-over-TLS (DoT) when querying name servers specified by `server servername port` syntax in the input file, and the primary server discovered through a SOA request. When the `-K` and `-E` options are used, then the specified TLS client certificate and private key pair are used for authentication (Mutual TLS). This option implies `-v`.

-t timeout

  This option sets the maximum time an update request can take before it is aborted. The default is 300 seconds. If zero, the timeout is disabled for TCP mode. For UDP mode, the option `-u` takes precedence over this option, unless the option `-u` is set to zero, in which case the interval is computed from the `-t` timeout interval and the number of UDP retries. For UDP mode, the timeout can not be disabled, and will be rounded up to 1 second in case if both `-t` and `-u` are set to zero.

-T

  This option prints the list of IANA standard resource record types whose format is understood by nsupdate. nsupdate exits after the lists are printed. The `-T` option can be combined with the `-P` option.

  Other types can be entered using `TYPEXXXXX` where `XXXXX` is the decimal value of the type with no leading zeros. The rdata, if present, is parsed using the UNKNOWN rdata format, (<backslash> <hash> <space> <length> <space> <hexstring>).

-u udptimeout

  This option sets the UDP retry interval. The default is 3 seconds. If zero, the interval is computed from the timeout interval and number of UDP retries.

-v

  This option specifies that TCP should be used even for small update requests. By default, nsupdate uses UDP to send update requests to the name server unless they are too large to fit in a UDP request, in which case TCP is used. TCP may be preferable when a batch of update requests is made.

-V

  This option prints the version number and exits.

-y [hmac:]keyname:secret

  This option sets the literal TSIG authentication key. `keyname` is the name of the key, and `secret` is the base64 encoded shared secret. `hmac` is the name of the key algorithm; valid choices are `hmac-md5`, `hmac-sha1`, `hmac-sha224`, `hmac-sha256`, `hmac-sha384`, or `hmac-sha512`. If `hmac` is not specified, the default is `hmac-md5`, or if MD5 was disabled, `hmac-sha256`.

  NOTE: Use of the `-y` option is discouraged because the shared secret is supplied as a command-line argument in clear text. This may be visible in the output from ps1 or in a history file maintained by the user’s shell.

### Input Format

nsupdate reads input from `filename` or standard input. Each command is supplied on exactly one line of input. Some commands are for administrative purposes; others are either update instructions or prerequisite checks on the contents of the zone. These checks set conditions that some name or set of resource records (RRset) either exists or is absent from the zone. These conditions must be met if the entire update request is to succeed. Updates are rejected if the tests for the prerequisite conditions fail.

Every update request consists of zero or more prerequisites and zero or more updates. This allows a suitably authenticated update request to proceed if some specified resource records are either present or missing from the zone. A blank input line (or the `send` command) causes the accumulated commands to be sent as one Dynamic DNS update request to the name server.

The command formats and their meanings are as follows:

`server servername port`

  This command sends all dynamic update requests to the name server `servername`. When no server statement is provided, nsupdate sends updates to the primary server of the correct zone. The MNAME field of that zone’s SOA record identify the primary server for that zone. `port` is the port number on `servername` where the dynamic update requests are sent. If no port number is specified, the default DNS port number of 53 is used.

  Note

  This command has no effect when GSS-TSIG is in use.

`local address port`

  This command sends all dynamic update requests using the local `address`. When no local statement is provided, nsupdate sends updates using an address and port chosen by the system. `port` can also be used to force requests to come from a specific port. If no port number is specified, the system assigns one.

`zone zonename`

  This command specifies that all updates are to be made to the zone `zonename`. If no `zone` statement is provided, nsupdate attempts to determine the correct zone to update based on the rest of the input.

`class classname`

  This command specifies the default class. If no `class` is specified, the default class is `IN`.

`ttl seconds`

  This command specifies the default time-to-live, in seconds, for records to be added. The value `none` clears the default TTL.

`key hmac:keyname secret`

  This command specifies that all updates are to be TSIG-signed using the `keyname`-`secret` pair. If `hmac` is specified, it sets the signing algorithm in use. The default is `hmac-md5`; if MD5 was disabled, the default is `hmac-sha256`. The `key` command overrides any key specified on the command line via `-y` or `-k`.

`gsstsig`

  This command uses GSS-TSIG to sign the updates. This is equivalent to specifying `-g` on the command line.

`oldgsstsig`

  This command is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Previously, it caused `nsupdate` to use the Windows 2000 version of GSS-TSIG to sign updates. It is now treated as a synonym for `gsstsig`.

`realm [realm_name]`

  When using GSS-TSIG, this command specifies the use of `realm_name` rather than the default realm in `krb5.conf`. If no realm is specified, the saved realm is cleared.

`check-names [boolean]`

  This command turns on or off check-names processing on records to be added. Check-names has no effect on prerequisites or records to be deleted. By default check-names processing is on. If check-names processing fails, the record is not added to the UPDATE message.

`check-svbc [boolean]`

  This command turns on or off check-svcb processing on records to be added. Check-svcb has no effect on prerequisites or records to be deleted. By default check-svcb processing is on. If check-svcb processing fails, the record is not added to the UPDATE message.

`lease time [keytime]`

  Set the EDNS Update Lease (UL) option to value to `time` and optionally also set the key lease time to `keytime` in seconds. If `time` is `none` the lease times are cleared.

`prereq nxdomain domain-name`

  This command requires that no resource record of any type exist with the name `domain-name`.

`prereq yxdomain domain-name`

  This command requires that `domain-name` exist (as at least one resource record, of any type).

`prereq nxrrset domain-name class type`

  This command requires that no resource record exist of the specified `type`, `class`, and `domain-name`. If `class` is omitted, IN (Internet) is assumed.

`prereq yxrrset domain-name class type`

  This command requires that a resource record of the specified `type`, `class` and `domain-name` exist. If `class` is omitted, IN (internet) is assumed.

`prereq yxrrset domain-name class type data`

  With this command, the `data` from each set of prerequisites of this form sharing a common `type`, `class`, and `domain-name` are combined to form a set of RRs. This set of RRs must exactly match the set of RRs existing in the zone at the given `type`, `class`, and `domain-name`. The `data` are written in the standard text representation of the resource record’s RDATA.

`update delete domain-name ttl class type data`

  This command deletes any resource records named `domain-name`. If `type` and `data` are provided, only matching resource records are removed. The Internet class is assumed if `class` is not supplied. The `ttl` is ignored, and is only allowed for compatibility.

`update add domain-name ttl class type data`

  This command adds a new resource record with the specified `ttl`, `class`, and `data`.

`show`

  This command displays the current message, containing all of the prerequisites and updates specified since the last send.

`send`

  This command sends the current message. This is equivalent to entering a blank line.

`answer`

  This command displays the answer.

`debug`

  This command turns on debugging.

`version`

  This command prints the version number.

`help`

  This command prints a list of commands.

Lines beginning with a semicolon (;) are comments and are ignored.

### Examples

The examples below show how nsupdate can be used to insert and delete resource records from the `example.com` zone. Notice that the input in each example contains a trailing blank line, so that a group of commands is sent as one dynamic update request to the primary name server for `example.com`.

    # nsupdate
    > update delete oldhost.example.com A
    > update add newhost.example.com 86400 A 172.16.1.1
    > send

Any A records for `oldhost.example.com` are deleted, and an A record for `newhost.example.com` with IP address 172.16.1.1 is added. The newly added record has a TTL of 1 day (86400 seconds).

    # nsupdate
    > prereq nxdomain nickname.example.com
    > update add nickname.example.com 86400 CNAME somehost.example.com
    > send

The prerequisite condition tells the name server to verify that there are no resource records of any type for `nickname.example.com`. If there are, the update request fails. If this name does not exist, a CNAME for it is added. This ensures that when the CNAME is added, it cannot conflict with the long-standing rule in RFC 1034 that a name must not exist as any other record type if it exists as a CNAME. (The rule has been updated for DNSSEC in RFC 2535 to allow CNAMEs to have RRSIG, DNSKEY, and NSEC records.)

### Files

`/etc/resolv.conf`

  Used to identify the default name server

`/run/session.key`

  Sets the default TSIG key for use in local-only mode

`K{name}.+157.+{random}.key`

  Base-64 encoding of the HMAC-MD5 key created by `dnssec-keygen`.

`K{name}.+157.+{random}.private`

  Base-64 encoding of the HMAC-MD5 key created by `dnssec-keygen`.

### See Also

RFC 2136, RFC 3007, RFC 2104, RFC 2845, RFC 1034, RFC 2535, RFC 2931, `named(8)`, `dnssec-keygen(8)`, `tsig-keygen(8)`.

### Bugs

The TSIG key is redundantly stored in two separate files. This is a consequence of nsupdate using the DST library for its cryptographic operations, and may change in future releases.

## rndc-confgen - rndc key generation tool

### Synopsis

rndc-confgen [-a] [-A algorithm] [-b keysize] [-c keyfile] [-h] [-k keyname] [-p port] [-s address] [-t chrootdir] [-u user]

### Description

rndc-confgen generates configuration files for `rndc`. It can be used as a convenient alternative to writing the `rndc.conf` file and the corresponding `controls` and `key` statements in `named.conf` by hand. Alternatively, it can be run with the `-a` option to set up a `rndc.key` file and avoid the need for a `rndc.conf` file and a `controls` statement altogether.

### Options

-a

  This option sets automatic `rndc` configuration, which creates a file `/etc/bind/rndc.key` that is read by both `rndc` and `named` on startup. The `rndc.key` file defines a default command channel and authentication key allowing `rndc` to communicate with `named` on the local host with no further configuration.

  If a more elaborate configuration than that generated by `rndc-confgen -a` is required, for example if rndc is to be used remotely, run rndc-confgen without the `-a` option and set up `rndc.conf` and `named.conf` as directed.

-A algorithm

  This option specifies the algorithm to use for the TSIG key. Available choices are: hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384, and hmac-sha512. The default is hmac-sha256.

-b keysize

  This option specifies the size of the authentication key in bits. The size must be between 1 and 512 bits; the default is the hash size.

-c keyfile

  This option is used with the `-a` option to specify an alternate location for `rndc.key`.

-h

  This option prints a short summary of the options and arguments to rndc-confgen.

-k keyname

  This option specifies the key name of the `rndc` authentication key. This must be a valid domain name. The default is `rndc-key`.

-p port

  This option specifies the command channel port where `named` listens for connections from `rndc`. The default is 953.

-q

  This option prevets printing the written path in automatic configuration mode.

-s address

  This option specifies the IP address where `named` listens for command-channel connections from `rndc`. The default is the loopback address 127.0.0.1.

-t chrootdir

  This option is used with the `-a` option to specify a directory where `named` runs chrooted. An additional copy of the `rndc.key` is written relative to this directory, so that it is found by the chrooted `named`.

-u user

  This option is used with the `-a` option to set the owner of the generated `rndc.key` file. If `-t` is also specified, only the file in the chroot area has its owner changed.

### Examples

To allow `rndc` to be used with no manual configuration, run:

`rndc-confgen -a`

To print a sample `rndc.conf` file and the corresponding `controls` and `key` statements to be manually inserted into `named.conf`, run:

rndc-confgen

### See Also

`rndc(8)`, `rndc.conf(5)`, `named(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## rndc.conf - rndc configuration file

### Synopsis

rndc.conf

### Description

rndc.conf is the configuration file for `rndc`, the BIND 9 name server control utility. This file has a similar structure and syntax to `named.conf`. Statements are enclosed in braces and terminated with a semi-colon. Clauses in the statements are also semi-colon terminated. The usual comment styles are supported:

C style: /* */

C++ style: // to end of line

Unix style: # to end of line

rndc.conf is much simpler than `named.conf`. The file uses three statements: an options statement, a server statement, and a key statement.

The `options` statement contains five clauses. The `default-server` clause is followed by the name or address of a name server. This host is used when no name server is given as an argument to `rndc`. The `default-key` clause is followed by the name of a key, which is identified by a `key` statement. If no `keyid` is provided on the rndc command line, and no `key` clause is found in a matching `server` statement, this default key is used to authenticate the server’s commands and responses. The `default-port` clause is followed by the port to connect to on the remote name server. If no `port` option is provided on the rndc command line, and no `port` clause is found in a matching `server` statement, this default port is used to connect. The `default-source-address` and `default-source-address-v6` clauses can be used to set the IPv4 and IPv6 source addresses respectively.

After the `server` keyword, the server statement includes a string which is the hostname or address for a name server. The statement has three possible clauses: `key`, `port`, and `addresses`. The key name must match the name of a key statement in the file. The port number specifies the port to connect to. If an `addresses` clause is supplied, these addresses are used instead of the server name. Each address can take an optional port. If an `source-address` or `source-address-v6` is supplied, it is used to specify the IPv4 and IPv6 source address, respectively.

The `key` statement begins with an identifying string, the name of the key. The statement has two clauses. `algorithm` identifies the authentication algorithm for `rndc` to use; currently only HMAC-MD5 (for compatibility), HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA224, HMAC-SHA256 (default), HMAC-SHA384, and HMAC-SHA512 are supported. This is followed by a secret clause which contains the base-64 encoding of the algorithm’s authentication key. The base-64 string is enclosed in double quotes.

There are two common ways to generate the base-64 string for the secret. The BIND 9 program `rndc-confgen` can be used to generate a random key, or the `mmencode` program, also known as `mimencode`, can be used to generate a base-64 string from known input. `mmencode` does not ship with BIND 9 but is available on many systems. See the Example section for sample command lines for each.

### Example

    options {
      default-server  localhost;
      default-key     samplekey;
    };

    server localhost {
      key             samplekey;
    };

    server testserver {
      key     testkey;
      addresses   { localhost port 5353; };
    };

    key samplekey {
      algorithm       hmac-sha256;
      secret          "6FMfj43Osz4lyb24OIe2iGEz9lf1llJO+lz";
    };

    key testkey {
      algorithm   hmac-sha256;
      secret      "R3HI8P6BKw9ZwXwN3VZKuQ==";
    };

In the above example, `rndc` by default uses the server at localhost (127.0.0.1) and the key called “samplekey”. Commands to the localhost server use the “samplekey” key, which must also be defined in the server’s configuration file with the same name and secret. The key statement indicates that “samplekey” uses the HMAC-SHA256 algorithm and its secret clause contains the base-64 encoding of the HMAC-SHA256 secret enclosed in double quotes.

If `rndc -s testserver` is used, then `rndc` connects to the server on localhost port 5353 using the key “testkey”.

To generate a random secret with `rndc-confgen`:

`rndc-confgen`

A complete rndc.conf file, including the randomly generated key, is written to the standard output. Commented-out `key` and `controls` statements for `named.conf` are also printed.

To generate a base-64 secret with `mmencode`:

`echo "known plaintext for a secret" | mmencode`

### Name Server Configuration

The name server must be configured to accept rndc connections and to recognize the key specified in the rndc.conf file, using the controls statement in `named.conf`. See the sections on the `controls` statement in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual for details.

### See Also

`rndc(8)`, `rndc-confgen(8)`, mmencode(1), BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## rndc - name server control utility

### Synopsis

rndc [-b source-address] [-c config-file] [-k key-file] [-s server] [-p port] [-q] [-r] [-V] [-y server_key] [[-4] | [-6]] {command}

### Description

rndc controls the operation of a name server. If rndc is invoked with no command line options or arguments, it prints a short summary of the supported commands and the available options and their arguments.

rndc communicates with the name server over a TCP connection, sending commands authenticated with digital signatures. In the current versions of rndc and `named`, the only supported authentication algorithms are HMAC-MD5 (for compatibility), HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA224, HMAC-SHA256 (default), HMAC-SHA384, and HMAC-SHA512. They use a shared secret on each end of the connection, which provides TSIG-style authentication for the command request and the name server’s response. All commands sent over the channel must be signed by a server_key known to the server.

rndc reads a configuration file to determine how to contact the name server and decide what algorithm and key it should use.

### Options

-4

  This option indicates use of IPv4 only.

-6

  This option indicates use of IPv6 only.

-b source-address

  This option indicates `source-address` as the source address for the connection to the server. Multiple instances are permitted, to allow setting of both the IPv4 and IPv6 source addresses.

-c config-file

  This option indicates `config-file` as the configuration file instead of the default, `/etc/bind/rndc.conf`.

-k key-file

  This option indicates `key-file` as the key file instead of the default, `/etc/bind/rndc.key`. The key in `/etc/bind/rndc.key` is used to authenticate commands sent to the server if the config-file does not exist.

-s server

  `server` is the name or address of the server which matches a server statement in the configuration file for rndc. If no server is supplied on the command line, the host named by the default-server clause in the options statement of the rndc configuration file is used.

-p port

  This option instructs BIND 9 to send commands to TCP port `port` instead of its default control channel port, 953.

-q

  This option sets quiet mode, where message text returned by the server is not printed unless there is an error.

-r

  This option instructs rndc to print the result code returned by `named` after executing the requested command (e.g., ISC_R_SUCCESS, ISC_R_FAILURE, etc.).

-t timeout

  This option sets the idle timeout period for rndc to `timeout` seconds. The default is 60 seconds, and the maximum settable value is 86400 seconds (1 day). If set to 0, there is no timeout.

-V

  This option enables verbose logging.

-y server_key

  This option indicates use of the key `server_key` from the configuration file. For control message validation to succeed, `server_key` must be known by `named` with the same algorithm and secret string. If no `server_key` is specified, rndc first looks for a key clause in the server statement of the server being used, or if no server statement is present for that host, then in the default-key clause of the options statement. Note that the configuration file contains shared secrets which are used to send authenticated control commands to name servers, and should therefore not have general read or write access.

### Commands

A list of commands supported by rndc can be seen by running rndc without arguments.

Currently supported commands are:

addzone zone [class [view]] configuration

  This command adds a zone while the server is running. This command requires the `allow-new-zones` option to be set to `yes`. The configuration string specified on the command line is the zone configuration text that would ordinarily be placed in `named.conf`.

  The configuration is saved in a file called `viewname.nzf` (or, if `named` is compiled with liblmdb, an LMDB database file called `viewname.nzd`). `viewname` is the name of the view, unless the view name contains characters that are incompatible with use as a file name, in which case a cryptographic hash of the view name is used instead. When `named` is restarted, the file is loaded into the view configuration so that zones that were added can persist after a restart.

  This sample `addzone` command adds the zone `example.com` to the default view:

  `rndc addzone example.com '{ type primary; file "example.com.db"; };'`

  (Note the brackets around and semi-colon after the zone configuration text.)

  See also `rndc delzone` and `rndc modzone`.

delzone [-clean] zone [class [view]]

  This command deletes a zone while the server is running.

  If the `-clean` argument is specified, the zone’s master file (and journal file, if any) are deleted along with the zone. Without the `-clean` option, zone files must be deleted manually. (If the zone is of type `secondary` or `stub`, the files needing to be removed are reported in the output of the `rndc delzone` command.)

  If the zone was originally added via `rndc addzone`, then it is removed permanently. However, if it was originally configured in `named.conf`, then that original configuration remains in place; when the server is restarted or reconfigured, the zone is recreated. To remove it permanently, it must also be removed from `named.conf`.

  See also `rndc addzone` and `rndc modzone`.

dnssec (-status | -rollover -key id [-alg algorithm] [-when time] | -checkds [-key id [-alg algorithm]] [-when time] published | withdrawn)) zone [class [view]]

  This command allows you to interact with the “dnssec-policy” of a given zone.

  `rndc dnssec -status` show the DNSSEC signing state for the specified zone.

  `rndc dnssec -rollover` allows you to schedule key rollover for a specific key (overriding the original key lifetime).

  `rndc dnssec -checkds` informs `named` that the DS for a specified zone’s key-signing key has been confirmed to be published in, or withdrawn from, the parent zone. This is required in order to complete a KSK rollover. The `-key id` and `-alg algorithm` arguments can be used to specify a particular KSK, if necessary; if there is only one key acting as a KSK for the zone, these arguments can be omitted. The time of publication or withdrawal for the DS is set to the current time by default, but can be overridden to a specific time with the argument `-when time`, where `time` is expressed in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation.

dnstap (-reopen | -roll [number])

  This command closes and re-opens DNSTAP output files.

  `rndc dnstap -reopen` allows the output file to be renamed externally, so that `named` can truncate and re-open it.

  `rndc dnstap -roll` causes the output file to be rolled automatically, similar to log files. The most recent output file has “.0” appended to its name; the previous most recent output file is moved to “.1”, and so on. If `number` is specified, then the number of backup log files is limited to that number.

dumpdb [-all | -cache | -zones | -adb | -bad | -expired | -fail] [view ...]

  This command dumps the server’s caches (default) and/or zones to the dump file for the specified views. If no view is specified, all views are dumped. (See the `dump-file` option in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.)

fetchlimit [view]

  This command dumps a list of servers that are currently being rate-limited as a result of `fetches-per-server` settings, and a list of domain names that are currently being rate-limited as a result of `fetches-per-zone` settings.

flush

  This command flushes the server’s cache.

flushname name [view]

  This command flushes the given name from the view’s DNS cache and, if applicable, from the view’s nameserver address database, bad server cache, and SERVFAIL cache.

flushtree name [view]

  This command flushes the given name, and all of its subdomains, from the view’s DNS cache, address database, bad server cache, and SERVFAIL cache.

freeze [zone [class [view]]]

  This command suspends updates to a dynamic zone. If no zone is specified, then all zones are suspended. This allows manual edits to be made to a zone normally updated by dynamic update, and causes changes in the journal file to be synced into the master file. All dynamic update attempts are refused while the zone is frozen.

  See also `rndc thaw`.

halt [-p]

  This command stops the server immediately. Recent changes made through dynamic update or IXFR are not saved to the master files, but are rolled forward from the journal files when the server is restarted. If `-p` is specified, `named`’s process ID is returned. This allows an external process to determine when `named` has completed halting.

  See also `rndc stop`.

skr -import file zone [class [view]]

  This command allows you to import a SKR file for the specified zone, to support offline KSK signing.

loadkeys [zone [class [view]]]

  This command fetches all DNSSEC keys for the given zone from the key directory. If they are within their publication period, they are merged into the zone’s DNSKEY RRset. Unlike `rndc sign`, however, the zone is not immediately re-signed by the new keys, but is allowed to incrementally re-sign over time.

  This command requires that the zone be configured with a `dnssec-policy`, and also requires the zone to be configured to allow dynamic DNS. (See “Dynamic Update Policies” in the Administrator Reference Manual for more details.)

managed-keys (status | refresh | sync | destroy) [class [view]]

  This command inspects and controls the “managed-keys” database which handles RFC 5011 DNSSEC trust anchor maintenance. If a view is specified, these commands are applied to that view; otherwise, they are applied to all views.

  - When run with the `status` keyword, this prints the current status of the managed-keys database.

  - When run with the `refresh` keyword, this forces an immediate refresh query to be sent for all the managed keys, updating the managed-keys database if any new keys are found, without waiting the normal refresh interval.

  - When run with the `sync` keyword, this forces an immediate dump of the managed-keys database to disk (in the file `managed-keys.bind` or (`viewname.mkeys`). This synchronizes the database with its journal file, so that the database’s current contents can be inspected visually.

  - When run with the `destroy` keyword, the managed-keys database is shut down and deleted, and all key maintenance is terminated. This command should be used only with extreme caution.

    Existing keys that are already trusted are not deleted from memory; DNSSEC validation can continue after this command is used. However, key maintenance operations cease until `named` is restarted or reconfigured, and all existing key maintenance states are deleted.

    Running `rndc reconfig` or restarting `named` immediately after this command causes key maintenance to be reinitialized from scratch, just as if the server were being started for the first time. This is primarily intended for testing, but it may also be used, for example, to jumpstart the acquisition of new keys in the event of a trust anchor rollover, or as a brute-force repair for key maintenance problems.

memprof [(on | off | dump)]

  This command controls memory profiling. To have any effect, `named` must be built with jemalloc, the library have profiling support enabled and run with the `prof:true` allocator configuration. (either via `MALLOC_CONF` or `/etc/malloc.conf`)

  The `prof_active:false` option is recommended to ensure the profiling overhead does not affect `named` when not needed.

  The `on` and `off` options will start and stop the jemalloc memory profiling respectively. When run with the dump option, `named` will dump the profile to the working directory. The name will be chosen automatically by jemalloc.

modzone zone [class [view]] configuration

  This command modifies the configuration of a zone while the server is running. This command requires the `allow-new-zones` option to be set to `yes`. As with `addzone`, the configuration string specified on the command line is the zone configuration text that would ordinarily be placed in `named.conf`.

  If the zone was originally added via `rndc addzone`, the configuration changes are recorded permanently and are still in effect after the server is restarted or reconfigured. However, if it was originally configured in `named.conf`, then that original configuration remains in place; when the server is restarted or reconfigured, the zone reverts to its original configuration. To make the changes permanent, it must also be modified in `named.conf`.

  See also `rndc addzone` and `rndc delzone`.

notify zone [class [view]]

  This command resends NOTIFY messages for the zone.

notrace

  This command sets the server’s debugging level to 0.

  See also `rndc trace`.

nta [(-class class | -dump | -force | -remove | -lifetime duration)] domain [view]

  This command sets a DNSSEC negative trust anchor (NTA) for `domain`, with a lifetime of `duration`. The default lifetime is configured in `named.conf` via the `nta-lifetime` option, and defaults to one hour. The lifetime cannot exceed one week.

  A negative trust anchor selectively disables DNSSEC validation for zones that are known to be failing because of misconfiguration rather than an attack. When data to be validated is at or below an active NTA (and above any other configured trust anchors), `named` aborts the DNSSEC validation process and treats the data as insecure rather than bogus. This continues until the NTA’s lifetime has elapsed.

  NTAs persist across restarts of the `named` server. The NTAs for a view are saved in a file called `name.nta`, where `name` is the name of the view; if it contains characters that are incompatible with use as a file name, a cryptographic hash is generated from the name of the view.

  An existing NTA can be removed by using the `-remove` option.

  An NTA’s lifetime can be specified with the `-lifetime` option. TTL-style suffixes can be used to specify the lifetime in seconds, minutes, or hours. If the specified NTA already exists, its lifetime is updated to the new value. Setting `lifetime` to zero is equivalent to `-remove`.

  If `-dump` is used, any other arguments are ignored and a list of existing NTAs is printed. Note that this may include NTAs that are expired but have not yet been cleaned up.

  Normally, `named` periodically tests to see whether data below an NTA can now be validated (see the `nta-recheck` option in the Administrator Reference Manual for details). If data can be validated, then the NTA is regarded as no longer necessary and is allowed to expire early. The `-force` parameter overrides this behavior and forces an NTA to persist for its entire lifetime, regardless of whether data could be validated if the NTA were not present.

  The view class can be specified with `-class`. The default is class `IN`, which is the only class for which DNSSEC is currently supported.

  All of these options can be shortened, i.e., to `-l`, `-r`, `-d`, `-f`, and `-c`.

  Unrecognized options are treated as errors. To refer to a domain or view name that begins with a hyphen, use a double-hyphen (–) on the command line to indicate the end of options.

querylog [(on | off)]

  This command enables or disables query logging. For backward compatibility, this command can also be used without an argument to toggle query logging on and off.

  Query logging can also be enabled by explicitly directing the `queries` `category` to a `channel` in the `logging` section of `named.conf`, or by specifying `querylog yes;` in the `options` section of `named.conf`.

reconfig

  This command reloads the configuration file and loads new zones, but does not reload existing zone files even if they have changed. This is faster than a full `rndc reload` when there is a large number of zones, because it avoids the need to examine the modification times of the zone files.

recursing

  This command dumps the list of queries `named` is currently recursing on, and the list of domains to which iterative queries are currently being sent.

  The first list includes all unique clients that are waiting for recursion to complete, including the query that is awaiting a response and the timestamp (seconds since the Unix epoch) of when named started processing this client query.

  The second list comprises of domains for which there are active (or recently active) fetches in progress. It reports the number of active fetches for each domain and the number of queries that have been passed (allowed) or dropped (spilled) as a result of the `fetches-per-zone` limit. (Note: these counters are not cumulative over time; whenever the number of active fetches for a domain drops to zero, the counter for that domain is deleted, and the next time a fetch is sent to that domain, it is recreated with the counters set to zero).

refresh zone [class [view]]

  This command schedules zone maintenance for the given zone.

reload

  This command reloads the configuration file and zones.

  zone [class [view]]

  If a zone is specified, this command reloads only the given zone. If no zone is specified, the reloading happens asynchronously.

reset-stats <counter-name ...>

  This command resets the requested statistics counters.

  At least one counter name must be provided. Currently the following counters are supported: `recursive-high-water`, `tcp-high-water`.

responselog [on | off]

  This command enables or disables response logging. For backward compatibility, this command can also be used without an argument to toggle response logging on and off.

  Unlike query logging, response logging cannot be enabled by explicitly directing the `responses` `category` to a `channel` in the `logging` section of `named.conf`, but it can still be enabled by specifying `responselog yes;` in the `options` section of `named.conf`.

retransfer [-force] zone [class [view]]

  This command retransfers the given secondary zone from the primary server.

  If the zone is configured to use `inline-signing`, the signed version of the zone is discarded; after the retransfer of the unsigned version is complete, the signed version is regenerated with new signatures. With the optional `-force` argument provided if there is an ongoing zone transfer it will be aborted before a new zone transfer is scheduled.

scan

  This command scans the list of available network interfaces for changes, without performing a full `rndc reconfig` or waiting for the `interface-interval` timer.

secroots [-] [view ...]

  This command dumps the security roots (i.e., trust anchors configured via `trust-anchors`, or the `managed-keys` or `trusted-keys` statements [both deprecated], or `dnssec-validation auto`) and negative trust anchors for the specified views. If no view is specified, all views are dumped. Security roots indicate whether they are configured as trusted keys, managed keys, or initializing managed keys (managed keys that have not yet been updated by a successful key refresh query).

  If the first argument is `-`, then the output is returned via the rndc response channel and printed to the standard output. Otherwise, it is written to the secroots dump file, which defaults to `named.secroots`, but can be overridden via the `secroots-file` option in `named.conf`.

  See also `rndc managed-keys`.

serve-stale (on | off | reset | status) [class [view]]

  This command enables, disables, resets, or reports the current status of the serving of stale answers as configured in `named.conf`.

  If serving of stale answers is disabled by `rndc-serve-stale off`, then it remains disabled even if `named` is reloaded or reconfigured. `rndc serve-stale reset` restores the setting as configured in `named.conf`.

  `rndc serve-stale status` reports whether caching and serving of stale answers is currently enabled or disabled. It also reports the values of `stale-answer-ttl` and `max-stale-ttl`.

showzone zone [class [view]]

  This command prints the configuration of a running zone.

  See also `rndc zonestatus`.

sign zone [class [view]]

  This command fetches all DNSSEC keys for the given zone from the key directory (see the `key-directory` option in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual). If they are within their publication period, they are merged into the zone’s DNSKEY RRset. If the DNSKEY RRset is changed, then the zone is automatically re-signed with the new key set.

  This command requires that the zone be configured with a `dnssec-policy`, and also requires the zone to be configured to allow dynamic DNS. (See “Dynamic Update Policies” in the Administrator Reference Manual for more details.)

  See also `rndc loadkeys`.

signing [(-list | -clear keyid/algorithm | -clear all | -nsec3param (parameters | none) | -serial value) zone [class [view]]

  This command lists, edits, or removes the DNSSEC signing-state records for the specified zone. The status of ongoing DNSSEC operations, such as signing or generating NSEC3 chains, is stored in the zone in the form of DNS resource records of type `sig-signing-type`. `rndc signing -list` converts these records into a human-readable form, indicating which keys are currently signing or have finished signing the zone, and which NSEC3 chains are being created or removed.

  `rndc signing -clear` can remove a single key (specified in the same format that `rndc signing -list` uses to display it), or all keys. In either case, only completed keys are removed; any record indicating that a key has not yet finished signing the zone is retained.

  `rndc signing -nsec3param` sets the NSEC3 parameters for a zone. This is the only supported mechanism for using NSEC3 with `inline-signing` zones. Parameters are specified in the same format as an NSEC3PARAM resource record: `hash algorithm`, `flags`, `iterations`, and `salt`, in that order.

  Currently, the only defined value for `hash algorithm` is `1`, representing SHA-1. The `flags` may be set to `0` or `1`, depending on whether the opt-out bit in the NSEC3 chain should be set. `iterations` defines the number of additional times to apply the algorithm when generating an NSEC3 hash. The `salt` is a string of data expressed in hexadecimal, a hyphen (`-`) if no salt is to be used, or the keyword `auto`, which causes `named` to generate a random 64-bit salt.

  The only recommended configuration is `rndc signing -nsec3param 1 0 0 - zone`, i.e. no salt, no additional iterations, no opt-out.

  Warning

  Do not use extra iterations, salt, or opt-out unless all their implications are fully understood. A higher number of iterations causes interoperability problems and opens servers to CPU-exhausting DoS attacks.

  `rndc signing -nsec3param none` removes an existing NSEC3 chain and replaces it with NSEC.

  `rndc signing -serial value` sets the serial number of the zone to `value`. If the value would cause the serial number to go backwards, it is rejected. The primary use of this parameter is to set the serial number on inline signed zones.

stats

  This command writes server statistics to the statistics file. (See the `statistics-file` option in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.)

status

  This command displays the status of the server. Note that the number of zones includes the internal `bind/CH` zone and the default `./IN` hint zone, if there is no explicit root zone configured.

stop -p

  This command stops the server, making sure any recent changes made through dynamic update or IXFR are first saved to the master files of the updated zones. If `-p` is specified, `named`’s process ID is returned. This allows an external process to determine when `named` has completed stopping.

  See also `rndc halt`.

sync -clean [zone [class [view]]]

  This command syncs changes in the journal file for a dynamic zone to the master file. If the “-clean” option is specified, the journal file is also removed. If no zone is specified, then all zones are synced.

tcp-timeouts [initial idle keepalive advertised]

  When called without arguments, this command displays the current values of the `tcp-initial-timeout`, `tcp-idle-timeout`, `tcp-keepalive-timeout`, and `tcp-advertised-timeout` options. When called with arguments, these values are updated. This allows an administrator to make rapid adjustments when under a denial-of-service (DoS) attack. See the descriptions of these options in the BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual for details of their use.

thaw [zone [class [view]]]

  This command enables updates to a frozen dynamic zone. If no zone is specified, then all frozen zones are enabled. This causes the server to reload the zone from disk, and re-enables dynamic updates after the load has completed. After a zone is thawed, dynamic updates are no longer refused. If the zone has changed and the `ixfr-from-differences` option is in use, the journal file is updated to reflect changes in the zone. Otherwise, if the zone has changed, any existing journal file is removed. If no zone is specified, the reloading happens asynchronously.

  See also `rndc freeze`.

trace [level]

  If no level is specified, this command increments the server’s debugging level by one.

  level

    If specified, this command sets the server’s debugging level to the provided value.

  See also `rndc notrace`.

validation (on | off | status) [view ...]

  This command enables, disables, or checks the current status of DNSSEC validation. By default, validation is enabled.

  The cache is flushed when validation is turned on or off to avoid using data that might differ between states.

zonestatus zone [class [view]]

  This command displays the current status of the given zone, including the master file name and any include files from which it was loaded, when it was most recently loaded, the current serial number, the number of nodes, whether the zone supports dynamic updates, whether the zone is DNSSEC signed, whether it uses automatic DNSSEC key management or inline signing, and the scheduled refresh or expiry times for the zone.

  See also `rndc showzone`.

rndc commands that specify zone names, such as `reload` `retransfer`, or `zonestatus`, can be ambiguous when applied to zones of type `redirect`. Redirect zones are always called `.`, and can be confused with zones of type `hint` or with secondary copies of the root zone. To specify a redirect zone, use the special zone name `-redirect`, without a trailing period. (With a trailing period, this would specify a zone called “-redirect”.)

### Limitations

There is currently no way to provide the shared secret for a `server_key` without using the configuration file.

Several error messages could be clearer.

### See Also

`rndc.conf(5)`, `rndc-confgen(8)`, `named(8)`, `named.conf(5)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.

## tsig-keygen - TSIG key generation tool

### Synopsis

tsig-keygen [-a algorithm] [-h] [name]

### Description

tsig-keygen is an utility that generates keys for use with TSIG (Transaction Signatures) as defined in RFC 2845. The resulting keys can be used, for example, to secure dynamic DNS updates to a zone, or for the `rndc` command channel.

A domain name can be specified on the command line to be used as the name of the generated key. If no name is specified, the default is `tsig-key`.

### Options

-a algorithm

  This option specifies the algorithm to use for the TSIG key. Available choices are: hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384, and hmac-sha512. The default is hmac-sha256. Options are case-insensitive, and the “hmac-” prefix may be omitted.

-h

  This option prints a short summary of options and arguments.

### See Also

`nsupdate(1)`, `named.conf(5)`, `named(8)`, BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual.