SMARTD(8)

NAME
smartd - SMART Disk Monitoring Daemon

SYNOPSIS
smartd [options]

DESCRIPTION
[This man page is generated for the Linux version of smartmontools. It does not contain info specific to other platforms.]

smartd is a daemon that monitors the Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART) system built into most ATA/SATA and SCSI/SAS hard drives and solid-state drives. The purpose of SMART is to monitor the reliability of the hard drive and predict drive failures, and to carry out different types of drive self-tests. This version of smartd is compatible with ACS-3, ACS-2, ATA8-ACS, ATA/ATAPI-7 and earlier standards (see REFERENCES below).

smartd will attempt to enable SMART monitoring on ATA devices (equivalent to smartctl -s on) and polls these and SCSI devices every 30 minutes (configurable), logging SMART errors and changes of SMART Attributes via the SYSLOG interface. The default location for these SYSLOG notifications and warnings is system-dependent (typically /var/log/messages or /var/log/syslog). To change this default location, please see the '-l' command-line option described below.

In addition to logging to a file, smartd can also be configured to send email warnings if problems are detected. Depending upon the type of problem, you may want to run self-tests on the disk, back up the disk, replace the disk, or use a manufacturer's utility to force reallocation of bad or unreadable disk sectors. If disk problems are detected, please see the smartctl manual page and the smartmontools web page/FAQ for further guidance.

If you send a USR1 signal to smartd it will immediately check the status of the disks, and then return to polling the disks every 30 minutes. See the '-i' option below for additional details.

smartd can be configured at start-up using the configuration file /etc/smartd.conf (Windows: EXEDIR/smartd.conf). If the configuration file is subsequently modified, smartd can be told to re-read the configuration file by sending it a HUP signal, for example with the command:
killall -HUP smartd.

On startup, if smartd finds a syntax error in the configuration file, it will print an error message and then exit. However if smartd is already running, then is told with a HUP signal to re-read the configuration file, and then find a syntax error in this file, it will print an error message and then continue, ignoring the contents of the (faulty) configuration file, as if the HUP signal had never been received.

When smartd is running in debug mode, the INT signal (normally generated from a shell with CONTROL-C) is treated in the same way as a HUP signal: it makes smartd reload its configuration file. To exit smartd use CONTROL-\.

[Linux only] If smartd is started as a systemd(1) service and 'Type=Notify' is specified in the service file, the service manager is notified after successful startup. Other state changes are reported via systemd notify STATUS messages. Notification of successful reloads (after HUP signal) is not supported. To detect this process start-up type, smartd checks whether the environment variable 'NOTIFY_SOCKET' is set. Note that it is required to set the '-n' ('--nofork') option in the 'ExecStart=/usr/sbin/smartd' command line if 'Type=Notify' is used.

On startup, in the absence of the configuration file /etc/smartd.conf, the smartd daemon first scans for all devices that support SMART. The scanning is done as follows:

LINUX:
    Examine all entries "/dev/hd[a-t]" for IDE/ATA devices, and "/dev/sd[a-z]", "/dev/sd[a-z][a-z]" for ATA/SATA or SCSI/SAS devices. Disks behind RAID controllers are not included.

    If directive '-d nvme' or no '-d' directive is specified, examine all entries "/dev/nvme[0-99]" for NVMe devices.

smartd then monitors for all possible SMART errors (corresponding to the '-a' Directive in the configuration file; see the smartd.conf(5) man page).

OPTIONS

-A PREFIX, --attributelog=PREFIX
    Writes smartd attribute information (normalized and raw attribute values) to files 'PREFIX''MODEL-SERIAL.ata.csv' or 'PREFIX''VENDOR-MODEL-SERIAL.scsi.csv'. At each check cycle attributes are logged as a line of semicolon separated triplets of the form "attribute-ID;attribute-norm-value;attribute-raw-value;". For SCSI devices error counters and temperature recorded in the form "counter-name;counter-value;". Each line is led by a date string of the form "yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS" (in local time).

    If this option is not specified, attribute information is written to files '/var/lib/smartmontools/attrlog.MODEL-SERIAL.ata.csv'.
    [NEW EXPERIMENTAL SMARTD 7.3 FEATURE] If '-' is specified as the argument, attribute log files are disabled.

    MODEL and SERIAL are build from drive identify information, invalid characters are replaced by underline.

    If the PREFIX has the form '/path/dir/' (e.g. '/var/lib/smartd/'), then files 'MODEL-SERIAL.ata.csv' are created in directory '/path/dir'. If the PREFIX has the form '/path/name' (e.g. '/var/lib/misc/attrlog-'), then files 'nameMODEL-SERIAL.ata.csv' are created in directory '/path/'. The path must be absolute, except if debug mode is enabled.

-B [+]FILE, --drivedb=[+]FILE
    [ATA only] Read the drive database from FILE. The new database replaces the built in database by default. If '+' is specified, then the new entries prepend the built in entries. Please see the smartctl(8) man page for further details.

-c FILE, --configfile=FILE
    Read smartd configuration Directives from FILE, instead of from the default location /etc/smartd.conf (Windows: EXEDIR/smartd.conf). If FILE does not exist, then smartd will print an error message and exit with nonzero status. Thus, '-c /etc/smartd.conf' can be used to verify the existence of the default configuration file.

    By using '-' for FILE, the configuration is read from standard input. This is useful for commands like:
    echo /dev/sdb -m user@home -M test | smartd -c - -q onecheck
    to perform quick and simple checks without a configuration file.

-C, --capabilities[=mail]
    [Linux only] Use libcap-ng to drop unneeded Linux process capabilities(7). The following capabilities are kept in the effective and permissive sets: CAP_SYS_ADMIN, CAP_SYS_RAWIO, CAP_MKNOD. If the '-u, --warn_as_user' option (see below) is used with a non-privileged user or group, the following capabilities are also kept: CAP_SETGID, CAP_SETUID. The capability bounding set is cleared.

    [NEW EXPERIMENTAL SMARTD 7.3 FEATURE] Mail notification is no longer suppressed if capabilities are dropped. It depends on the local MTA whether mail could be send from a root process with all capabilities dropped. It works with the postfix MTA.

    If '--capabilities=mail' is specified, the following capabilities are added to the bounding set: CAP_SETGID, CAP_SETUID, CAP_CHOWN, CAP_FOWNER, CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE. This allows one to send mail with the exim MTA.

-d, --debug
    Runs smartd in "debug" mode. In this mode, it displays status information to STDOUT rather than logging it to SYSLOG and does not fork(2) into the background and detach from the controlling terminal. In this mode, smartd also prints more verbose information about what it is doing than when operating in "daemon" mode. In this mode, the INT signal (normally generated from a terminal with CONTROL-C) makes smartd reload its configuration file. Please use CONTROL-\ to exit

-D, --showdirectives
    Prints a list (to STDOUT) of all the possible Directives which may appear in the configuration file /etc/smartd.conf, and then exits. These Directives are described in the smartd.conf(5) man page. They may appear in the configuration file following the device name.

-h, --help, --usage
    Prints usage message to STDOUT and exits.

-i N, --interval=N
    Sets the interval between disk checks to N seconds, where N is a decimal integer. The minimum allowed value is ten and the maximum is the largest positive integer that can be represented on your system (often 2^31-1). The default is 1800 seconds.
    [NEW EXPERIMENTAL SMARTD 7.3 FEATURE] The interval could be overridden with the '-c i=N' directive, see smartd.conf(5) man page.

    Note that the superuser can make smartd check the status of the disks at any time by sending it the SIGUSR1 signal, for example with the command:
    kill -SIGUSR1 <pid>
    where <pid> is the process id number of smartd. One may also use:
    killall -USR1 smartd
    for the same purpose.

-l FACILITY, --logfacility=FACILITY
    Uses syslog facility FACILITY to log the messages from smartd. Here FACILITY is one of local0, local1, ..., local7, or daemon [default]. If this command-line option is not used, then by default messages from smartd are logged to the facility daemon.

    If you would like to have smartd messages logged somewhere other than the default location, include (for example) '-l local3' in its start up argument list. Tell the syslog daemon to log all messages from facility local3 to (for example) '/var/log/smartd.log'.

    For more detailed information, please refer to the man pages for the local syslog daemon, typically syslogd(8), syslog-ng(8) or rsyslogd(8).

-n, --no-fork
    Do not fork into background; this is useful when executed from modern init methods like initng, minit, supervise or systemd.

-p NAME, --pidfile=NAME
    Writes pidfile NAME containing the smartd Process ID number (PID). To avoid symlink attacks make sure the directory to which pidfile is written is only writable for root. Without this option, or if the --debug option is given, no PID file is written on startup. If smartd is killed with a maskable signal then the pidfile is removed.

-q WHEN, --quit=WHEN
    Specifies when, if ever, smartd should exit. The valid arguments are to this option are:

    nodev - Exit if there are no devices to monitor, or if any errors are found at startup in the configuration file. This is the default.

    errors - Exit if there are no devices to monitor, or if any errors are found in the configuration file /etc/smartd.conf at startup or whenever it is reloaded.

    nodevstartup - Exit if there are no devices to monitor at startup. But continue to run if no devices are found whenever the configuration file is reloaded.

    never - Only exit if a fatal error occurs (no remaining system memory, invalid command line arguments). In this mode, even if there are no devices to monitor, or if the configuration file /etc/smartd.conf has errors, smartd will continue to run, waiting to load a configuration file listing valid devices.

    nodev0 - [NEW EXPERIMENTAL SMARTD 7.3 FEATURE] Same as 'nodev', except that the exit status is 0 if there are no devices to monitor.

    nodev0startup - [NEW EXPERIMENTAL SMARTD 7.3 FEATURE] Same as 'nodevstartup', except that the exit status is 0 if there are no devices to monitor.

    errors,nodev0 - [NEW EXPERIMENTAL SMARTD 7.3 FEATURE] Same as 'errors', except that the exit status is 0 if there are no devices to monitor.

    onecheck - Start smartd in debug mode, then register devices, then check device's SMART status once, and then exit with zero exit status if all of these steps worked correctly.

    This last option is intended for 'distribution-writers' who want to create automated scripts to determine whether or not to automatically start up smartd after installing smartmontools. After starting smartd with this command-line option, the distribution's install scripts should wait a reasonable length of time (say ten seconds). If smartd has not exited with zero status by that time, the script should send smartd a SIGTERM or SIGKILL and assume that smartd will not operate correctly on the host. Conversely, if smartd exits with zero status, then it is safe to run smartd in normal daemon mode. If smartd is unable to monitor any devices or encounters other problems then it will return with non-zero exit status.

    showtests - Start smartd in debug mode, then register devices, then write a list of future scheduled self tests to stdout, and then exit with zero exit status if all of these steps worked correctly. Device's SMART status is not checked.

    This option is intended to test whether the '-s REGEX' directives in smartd.conf will have the desired effect. The output lists the next test schedules, limited to 5 tests per type and device. This is followed by a summary of all tests of each device within the next 90 days.

-r TYPE, --report=TYPE
    Intended primarily to help smartmontools developers understand the behavior of smartmontools on non-conforming or poorly-conforming hardware. This option reports details of smartd transactions with the device. The option can be used multiple times. When used just once, it shows a record of the ioctl() transactions with the device. When used more than once, the detail of these ioctl() transactions are reported in greater detail. The valid arguments to this option are:

    ioctl - report all ioctl() transactions.

    ataioctl - report only ioctl() transactions with ATA devices.

    scsiioctl - report only ioctl() transactions with SCSI devices.

    nvmeioctl - report only ioctl() transactions with NVMe devices.

    Any argument may include a positive integer to specify the level of detail that should be reported. The argument should be followed by a comma then the integer with no spaces. For example, ataioctl,2 The default level is 1, so '-r ataioctl,1' and '-r ataioctl' are equivalent.

-s PREFIX, --savestates=PREFIX
    Reads/writes smartd state information from/to files 'PREFIX''MODEL-SERIAL.ata.state' or 'PREFIX''VENDOR-MODEL-SERIAL.scsi.state'. This preserves SMART attributes, drive min and max temperatures (-W directive), info about last sent warning email (-m directive), and the time of next check of the self-test REGEXP (-s directive) across boot cycles.

    If this option is not specified, state information is maintained in files '/var/lib/smartmontools/smartd.MODEL-SERIAL.ata.state' for ATA devices and '/var/lib/smartmontools/smartd.VENDOR-MODEL-SERIAL.scsi.state' for SCSI devices.
    [NEW EXPERIMENTAL SMARTD 7.3 FEATURE] If '-' is specified as the argument, state files are disabled.

    MODEL and SERIAL are build from drive identify information, invalid characters are replaced by underline.

    If the PREFIX has the form '/path/dir/' (e.g. '/var/lib/smartd/'), then files 'MODEL-SERIAL.ata.state' are created in directory '/path/dir'. If the PREFIX has the form '/path/name' (e.g. '/var/lib/misc/smartd-'), then files 'nameMODEL-SERIAL.ata.state' are created in directory '/path/'. The path must be absolute, except if debug mode is enabled.

    The state information files are read on smartd startup. The files are always (re)written after reading the configuration file, before rereading the configuration file (SIGHUP), before smartd shutdown, and after a check forced by SIGUSR1. After a normal check cycle, a file is only rewritten if an important change (which usually results in a SYSLOG output) occurred.

-w PATH, --warnexec=PATH
    Run the executable PATH instead of the default script when smartd needs to send warning messages. PATH must point to an executable binary file or script. The default script is /usr/share/smartmontools/smartd_warning.sh.

-u USER[:GROUP], --warn-as-user=USER[:GROUP]
    [NEW EXPERIMENTAL SMARTD 7.3 FEATURE] Run the warning script as a non-privileged user instead of root. The USER and optional GROUP may be specified as numeric ids or names. If no GROUP is specified, the default group of USER is used instead.

    If a warning occurs, a child process is created with fork(2). This process closes all inherited file descriptors, connects stdio to /dev/null, changes the user and group ids, removes any supplementary group ids and then calls the popen(3) function from the standard library.

    If '0:0' is specified, user and group are not changed, but the remaining actions still apply.

    If '-' is specified, popen(3) is called directly. This is the default.

-V, --version, --license, --copyright
    Prints version, copyright, license, home page and SVN revision information for your copy of smartd to STDOUT and then exits.

EXAMPLES
smartd
Runs the daemon in forked mode. This is the normal way to run smartd. Entries are logged to SYSLOG.

smartd -d -i 30
Run in foreground (debug) mode, checking the disk status every 30 seconds.

smartd -q onecheck
Registers devices, and checks the status of the devices exactly once. The exit status (the shell $? variable) will be zero if all went well, and nonzero if no devices were detected or some other problem was encountered.

CONFIGURATION
The syntax of the smartd.conf(5) file is discussed separately.

NOTES
smartd will make log entries at loglevel LOG_INFO if the Normalized SMART Attribute values have changed, as reported using the '-t', '-p', or '-u' Directives. For example:
'Device: /dev/sda, SMART Attribute: 194 Temperature_Celsius changed from 94 to 93'
Note that in this message, the value given is the 'Normalized' not the 'Raw' Attribute value (the disk temperature in this case is about 22 Celsius). The '-R' and '-r' Directives modify this behavior, so that the information is printed with the Raw values as well, for example:
'Device: /dev/sda, SMART Attribute: 194 Temperature_Celsius changed from 94 [Raw 22] to 93 [Raw 23]'
Here the Raw values are the actual disk temperatures in Celsius. The way in which the Raw values are printed, and the names under which the Attributes are reported, is governed by the various '-v Num,Description' Directives described previously.

Please see the smartctl manual page for further explanation of the differences between Normalized and Raw Attribute values.

smartd will make log entries at loglevel LOG_CRIT if a SMART Attribute has failed, for example:
'Device: /dev/sdc, Failed SMART Attribute: 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct'
This loglevel is used for reporting enabled by the '-H', -f', '-l selftest', and '-l error' Directives. Entries reporting failure of SMART Prefailure Attributes should not be ignored: they mean that the disk is failing. Use the smartctl utility to investigate.

LOG TIMESTAMP TIMEZONE
When smartd makes log entries, these are time-stamped. The time stamps are in the computer's local time zone, which is generally set using either the environment variable 'TZ' or using a time-zone file such as /etc/localtime. You may wish to change the timezone while smartd is running (for example, if you carry a laptop to a new time-zone and don't reboot it). Due to a bug in the tzset(3) function of many unix standard C libraries, the time-zone stamps of smartd might not change. For some systems, smartd will work around this problem if the time-zone is set using /etc/localtime. The work-around fails if the time-zone is set using the 'TZ' variable (or a file that it points to).

EXIT STATUS
The exit status (return value) of smartd can have the following values:

0:  Daemon startup successful, or smartd was killed by a SIGTERM (or in debug mode, a SIGQUIT).

1:  Commandline did not parse.

2:  There was a syntax error in the config file.

3:  Forking the daemon failed.

4:  Couldn't create PID file.

5:  Config file does not exist (only returned in conjunction with the '-c' option).

6:  Config file exists, but cannot be read.

8:  smartd ran out of memory during startup.

10: An inconsistency was found in smartd's internal data structures. This should never happen. It must be due to either a coding or compiler bug. Please report such failures to smartmontools developers, see REPORTING BUGS below.

16: A device explicitly listed in /etc/smartd.conf can't be monitored.

17: smartd didn't find any devices to monitor.
    [NEW EXPERIMENTAL SMARTD 7.3 FEATURE] This could be changed to 0 (success) with one of the '-q *nodev0*' options, see above.

254:
    When in daemon mode, smartd received a SIGINT or SIGQUIT. (Note that in debug mode, SIGINT has the same effect as SIGHUP, and makes smartd reload its configuration file. SIGQUIT has the same effect as SIGTERM and causes smartd to exit with zero exit status.

132 and above
    smartd was killed by a signal that is not explicitly listed above. The exit status is then 128 plus the signal number. For example if smartd is killed by SIGKILL (signal 9) then the exit status is 137.

FILES

/usr/sbin/smartd
    full path of this executable.

/etc/smartd.conf
    configuration file (see smartd.conf(5) man page).

/usr/share/smartmontools/smartd_warning.sh
    script run on warnings (see '-w' option above and '-M exec' directive on smartd.conf(5) man page).

/etc/smartmontools/smartd_warning.d/
    plugin directory for smartd warning script (see '-m' directive on smartd.conf(5) man page).

/var/lib/smartmontools/drivedb/drivedb.h
    drive database (see '-B' option).

/etc/smart_drivedb.h
    optional local drive database (see '-B' option).

AUTHORS
Bruce Allen (project initiator),
Christian Franke (project manager, Windows port and all sort of things),
Douglas Gilbert (SCSI subsystem),
Volker Kuhlmann (moderator of support and database mailing list),
Gabriele Pohl (wiki & development team support),
Alex Samorukov (FreeBSD port and more, new Trac wiki).

Many other individuals have made contributions and corrections, see AUTHORS, ChangeLog and repository files.

The first smartmontools code was derived from the smartsuite package, written by Michael Cornwell and Andre Hedrick.

REPORTING BUGS
To submit a bug report, create a ticket in smartmontools wiki:
<https://www.smartmontools.org/>.
Alternatively send the info to the smartmontools support mailing list:
<https://listi.jpberlin.de/mailman/listinfo/smartmontools-support>.

SEE ALSO
smartd.conf(5), smartctl(8).
update-smart-drivedb(8).
systemd.exec(5).

REFERENCES
Please see the following web site for more info: <https://www.smartmontools.org/>

An introductory article about smartmontools is Monitoring Hard Disks with SMART, by Bruce Allen, Linux Journal, January 2004, pages 74–77. See <https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6983>.

If you would like to understand better how SMART works, and what it does, a good place to start is with Sections 4.8 and 6.54 of the first volume of the 'AT Attachment with Packet Interface-7' (ATA/ATAPI-7) specification Revision 4b. This documents the SMART functionality which the smartmontools utilities provide access to.

The functioning of SMART was originally defined by the SFF-8035i revision 2 and the SFF-8055i revision 1.4 specifications. These are publications of the Small Form Factors (SFF) Committee.

Links to these and other documents may be found on the Links page of the smartmontools Wiki at <https://www.smartmontools.org/wiki/Links>.

PACKAGE VERSION
smartmontools-7.4 2023-08-01 r5530
$Id: smartd.8.in 5521 2023-07-24 16:44:49Z chrfranke $